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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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covert behavior
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behavior that is not easily reported by an outside ovserver
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overt behavior
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easily observed
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introspection
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description of a person's thoughts, feelings, and perceptions, to understand conscious experience
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structuralism
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to identify and find relationships among the basic elements or "building blocks"
Wundt |
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functionalism
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persistent disagreement among psychologists about how to view and interpret behavior and mental processes
James |
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Gesalt psychology
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the perspective that conscious experience and perceptions are more than the sum of their parts
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psychoanalytic theory
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Sigmund Freud
levels of consciousness, structures of personality, defense mechanisms, and stages |
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conscious
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thoughts and perceptions at any given moment
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preconscious
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larger than conscious and contains memories and events that aren't at current level of awareness
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unconscious
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level of awareness lies beneath the preconscious and conscious and contains memories, urges, and thoughts(anxiety/repressed)
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id
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unrestrained, unconscious part of personality that wants instant gratification of its instincts and impulses
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pleasure principle
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id is incapable of considering the consequences of achieving its goals
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ego
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operates at the mostly conscious level, except for its unconscious struggle with the id
delay gratification until socially appropriate |
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reality principle
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realizes the consequences of behavior and tries to appease the id, while avoiding pain
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superego
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keep id in check, superego is concerned with morality, works at all levels of consciousness
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defense mechanisms
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supress anxiety and other unpleasant thoughts into the unconscious
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repression
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basic defense mechanism, involves pushing the feeling of anxiety into the unconscious
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projection
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exaggerating and attributing one's own negative feelings or impulses to another person
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reaction form
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repressing one's urges while exaggerating the opposite behavior
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sublimation
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directing frustrated desires into socially acceptable activities
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identification
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compensating for personal weakness by associating with a group or another person
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regression
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reverting to an earlier developmental stage or habit
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displacement
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redirecting an emotion from its target to a "safer" object
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rationalization
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attempting to justify one's unacceptable behavior with socially acceptable or logical excuses
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psychosexual stages of development
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pass through as infants and children
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fixation
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unresolved onflict caused by overindulgence or frustration during a psychosexual stage
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Oedipus complex
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the child develops erotic feelings toward the opposite sex parent and hostility toward the same sex parent
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oral stage
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pleasure is derived from stimulation of the mouth, such as thumbsucking and chewing on objects
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anal stage
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pleasure is derived from process of elimination (potty-training) and the anus
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phallic stage
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pleasure is centered around the genitals; development of Oedipus complex
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latency stage
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sexual urges are repressed, and child develops same-sex friendships
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genital stage
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focus of developmental is forming and maintaining loving, sexual relationships
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neo-Freudians
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believed that Freud placed too much emphasis on unconscious sexual and aggressive motivations for behavior, but they continued to develop theories of personality involving the unconscious
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analytic psychology
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Jung; focuses on 2 levels of unconscious: personal and collective
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personal unconscious
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each person's unique set of repressed memories-conscious that are now unaware
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collective unconscious
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thoughts, symbols, and memories that were never conscious(passed down from ancestors) shared by all cultures and has evolved through time
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archetypes
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passed from generation to generation much like biological traits; universal symbols that reappear in artwork
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persona
shadow anima/animus |
mask to the outside world
darker side -creativity and buried aptitudes or desires male/female soul images |
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individuation
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integration of the unconscious and conscious or self-realization
uniting various opposites that comprise human personality |
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adlerian psychology
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neo-Freudian
index of mental health is our feeling of connectedness within ourselves and the community |
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behaviorism
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john watson, bf skinner
eliminate psychology the prior emphasis on subjective and unobservable feelings and thoughts (emphasized environmental determinations of behavior) |
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shaping
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behavior closed is a desired response is rewarded, subject will gradually make the desired response
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empiricism
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the practice of acquiring knowledge through direct observation
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social learning theory
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our behavior is more than a response to the environmen; its also influenced by our observations of others; behaviors, reactions, and attitudes
emerges from reciprocal determinism- interaction between our cognition, behavior, and environment |
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observational learning
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involves modeling someone else's behavior
encompasses:attention, retention, reproduction, motivation |
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cognitive perspective
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Bandura
elements to predict and explain behavior--active component in the process, one that can change, evaluate, regulate, and construct |
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self-efficacy
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self-confidence in one's ability to perform behaviors required to produce desired outcomes or manage prospective situations
context-specific, task-sensitive judgment of confidence |
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self-confidence
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global assessment of self-worth
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ABC theory
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ellis
a=Activating event b=irrational Belief c=emotional Consequence F on paper, believes failure, feels depressed |
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beck
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distorted thinking patterns which lead to anxiety or depression
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overgeneralization
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coming to a general conclusion based ona single incident
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polarized thinking
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no middle ground. everything is good or bad, right or wrong.
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personalization
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everything done or said by others ia personal reaction to you
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catastrophizing
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the chronic what ifs? always expecting disaster
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being right
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being wrong is unthinkable. must always prove that you are right.
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humanistic perspective
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Rogers and maslow
in reaction against the rather fatalistic perspectives of the psychodynamic theorists and the mechanistic perspective of the behaviorists |
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phenomenological approach
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humanism based
belief that to understand individuals, one must understand their unique, subjetive points of view |
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humanis includes
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human nature is postive, and people have the potential for personal growth
free will and creativity are important focus on present rather than past each person is unique |
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person-centered theory
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rogers
focuses on the way the individua, rather than external sources, defines self and reality |
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self-concept
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the person's perceptions of self, whether or not they are accurate or shared by other
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ideal self
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traits the person would like to have or feels ought to have
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incongruence
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exists between the self-concept and ideal self
ideal self is different from the self-concept |
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unconditional positive regard
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from significant others; consists of love and acceptance from others regardless of what the person says or does
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conditional positive regard
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others; love and acceptance is contingent on certain behaviors and feelings expressed
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self-actualization
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involves fulfillment of one's unique potential < 1% of people are self actualized
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hierarchy of needs
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types of needs that must be met
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self-actualized individuals include
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confortable with themselves and others
realistic and productive establish deep, intimate relationships non-conformist, but highly ethical spontaneous and natural |
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maslows hierarchy of needs
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physiological needs
safety social esteem self |
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biological perspective
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sheldon
ectomorph endomorph mesomorph |
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temperament
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describes traits that may have a genetic component and personality characteristics of infants
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tabula rasa
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theory of personality (born with identical, clean slates) is wrong.
influence of genes is greater for some components |
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arousability hypothesis
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individuals differ on their natural responsiveness to a wide variety of situations
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evolutionary theory
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buss/hogan
basic aspects of personality are the result of evolutionary biology and have endured because they are adaptive for survival and reproduction |
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trait perspective
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dimensions
giantic 3-eysenck the big five-mccrae and costa |
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the gigantic 3
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extroversion-social, outgoing, lively
introversion-shy, reserved neuroticism-emotional instability, nervous, moody, fretful psychoticism-lack empathy and caring |
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the big five
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neurtoicism
extroversion openness-new things, creative, curious, intelligent agreeableness-charitable, friendly conscientiousness-reliable, hard worker |
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overriding paradigm
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B=f(P+E+PE)
B=behavior P=person E=environment PE=interaction |
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goals of psychology
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describe-acts of biting, hitting, kicking
explain-punishment predict-future change- environment, intervention, counseling |
