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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Ancedotal Evidence
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Personal opinion; nonscientific; unreliable
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Placebo
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A fake substance, treatment, or procedure that has no know direct effects
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correlation study
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a reasearch strategy that allows the precise calculation of how strongle related two factors are to each other.
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sample
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a selected segment of the population used to represent the group that is being studied
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population
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a complete set of something - people, nonhuman animals, objects, or events
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pseudoscience
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a fake or false science that makes claims based on little or nor scientific evidence
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hypothesis
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a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables; a testable prediction or question
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operational definiton
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a precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured
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empirical evidence
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verifiable evidence that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and/or experimentation
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sematic memory
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category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of facts, names, and concepts (personal encylopedia)
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explict (episodic) memory
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category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events (autobiography) ; can be consciously recollected
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clustering
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organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory
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schema
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an organized cluster of information about a particular topic
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critical thinking
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the active process of minimmizing preconceptions and biases while evaluating evidence, determining the conclusions that can reasonably be drawn from evidence, and considering alternative explainations for research findings or other phenomena
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maintenance rehearsal
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the mental or verbal reptition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory
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dementia
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progressive deterioration a =nd impairment of memory, reasoning, and other congnitive functions ocurring as the result of a disease or a condition
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psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Aristotle
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the first western thinker to study psychological topics; wrote about sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory (wrote 'De Anima'); still remains influencial
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Physiology
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a branch of biology that studies the fuctions and parts of living organisms, including humans
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Wilhem Wundt (German psychologist)
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Opened lab in 1879 (said to be the beginning of psychology); the "father of physcology"; emphasized the used of experimental methods - University of Leipzig
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reflective technique
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simply repeat what the person has said to you (you can paraphrase, but don't add anything or judge)
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Nurture
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Environment, learn, language
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Nature
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Innate, genetics, schizophrenia
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Ivan Pavlov
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studied basic research on learning (Dog and bell guy); pioneered the work of behaviorism
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Sigmund Freud
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father of psychoanalysis (theory and therapy) :: behavior motivated by unconscious conflicts
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John B, Watsonv (first)
B.F. Skinner |
school of behaviorism; believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying outwardly observable behaviors that could be measured and verified
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S-R stands for....?
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stimmulus and response
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Jean Piggot
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swiss phychologist that studied developement of children and mental processes (perception, language, thinking, problem solving)
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Abraham Maslow
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studied hiearcy of needs; developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth (humanistic pychology)St
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Carl Rogers
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studied developement of self; emphasized the conscious experiences; founded humanistic psychology.
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Charles Darwin
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founder of evolution
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structuralism
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empasized studying the most basic components or structures of conscious experiments
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fuctionalism
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emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experience
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psychoanalysis
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personality theory and form of psychotherapy that empashize the role pf unconcious factors in personality and behavior
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behaviorism
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theoretical view point that emphasize the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning.
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humanistic pychology
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theoretical viewpoint that emphasize each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction.
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neuroscience
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study of the nervous system, especially the brain
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positive psychology
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study of positive emotions and psychological states, positive individual traits, and the social institutions that foster positive individuals and communities
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Scientific Method
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a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researchers in creating questions to investigate, in generating empirical evidence, and in drawing conclusions
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memory
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the mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time
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Encoding
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refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system
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Short-term Memory
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Active working memory. Duration is about 30 seconds, and you can hold about 5 to 9 things within it.
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Scensory Memory
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registers information from the environment and holds it for a very brief period of time.
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Long-term Memory
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memory that holds long-term information, potentially forever
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procedural memory
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category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions. (typing, riding a bike...)
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Implicit memory
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information or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance but cannot be consciously recollected (Procedural Memory)
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retrival
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process of accessing stored information
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tips-of-the-tongue (TOT)
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a memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temportarily unable to retrieve it
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recall
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a test in long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues
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flashbulb memory
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recall of very specific images or fetails surrounding a vivid, rare, or signifigant personal event, may or may not be accurate
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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German psychologist; studied the forgetting curve by memorizing nonsense, three-syllable words with two consonants and one vowel.
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Prospective memory
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remembering to do something in the future
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decay theory
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we forget memories because we don't use them and they fade away over time
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Deja Vu is also referred to as...?
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source memory; source monitoring
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suppression
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motivated forgetting (conscious)
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repression
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motivated forgetting (unconscious)
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Misinformation Effect
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October 2002 sniper attacks; proves that eyewitnesses or not a reliable source. (report different color cars); example of source confusion
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Lost in the Mall
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example of imagination inflation; they were fed a false memory, and then over time, they started to actually believe it happened and started to recall fake details
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amnesia
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severe memory loss
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Alzheimer's disease
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a progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia (5 % of 65-74 and about half of people over 85)
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William James
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studied functionalism (adaptive role of behavior) in psychology
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Edward B. titchener
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studied structionalism (structures of thought; introspective) in psychology
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perception
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the process by which we organize and interpret patterns of stimuli from the evironmentc
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comparity (?) psychology
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studying animals to compare to human mind
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human behavior
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is observed behavior (can see)
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mental process
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everything going on inside head (can't see)
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