Chapter 16-General Psychology

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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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almost constantly plagued by exaggerated worries

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panic disorder (PD)

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have frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic- rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, faintness, and trembling

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hyperventilation

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rapid deep breathing

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social phobia

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a severe aviodance of other people and a fear of doing anything in public

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agoraphobia

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an excessive fear of open or public places

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phobia

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an extreme, persistent fear that interferes with normal living

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systematic desensitization

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a method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear

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flooding (implosion or intensive exposure therapy)

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a treatment that exposes the person to the object of the phobia suddenly rather than gradually

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obsessive-compulsive disorder

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a repetitive, unwelcome stream of thought leading to a repetitive, almost irresistible action

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addiction (dependence)

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finding it difficult to or impossible to quit a self-destructive habit

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nucleus accumbens

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apparently critical for attention and habit formation; nearly all the drugs that commonly produce addictions stimulate dopamine receptors to this small brain area

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physical dependence

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uses a drug to reduce unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

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psychological dependence

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strong, repetitive desire for something without physical symptoms of withdrawal

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alcoholism

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the habitual overuse of alcohol

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Type I alcoholism

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develops gradually over the years, affects about as many women as men, is generally less severe, and depends more on life experiences than genetics

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Type II Alcoholism

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develops rapidly, usually by age 25, is much more common in men than women, is usually more severe, and shows a stronger genetic basis

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Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

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a self help group of people who are trying to abstain from alcohol use and help others do the same

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harm reduction

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an appproach that concentrates on decreasing the frequency of drug use and minimizing the harmful consequences to health and well-being

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major depression

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a more extreme condition, persisting most of each day for at least two weeks, usually more, while the person experiences little interest, pleasure, motivation, or activity

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seasonal affective disorder (SAD), depression with a seasonal pattern

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people repeatedly become depressed during a particular season of the year

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bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)

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someone alternates between periods of depression and periods of mania, which are opposite extremes

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explanatory style

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a tendency to accept one kind of explanation for success or failure more often than others

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interpersonal therapy

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focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and on coping with difficulties someone has faced in the present or recent past, such as death of a loved one, divorce, unemployment, and lack of social skills

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Tricyclic drugs (imipramine) (Tofranil)

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blocks the reabsorption of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin after they are released by an axon's terminal

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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (fluoxetine) (Prozac)

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block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin

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monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (phenielzine) (Nardil)

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blocks the metabolic breakdown of released dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

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atypical antidepressants

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they are about as effective, on the average, as other antidepressants and produce milder side effects

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St. John's wort

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an herb with antidepressant effects

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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a brief electrical shock is administered across the patient's head to induce a convulsion similar to epilepsy

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mania

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the opposite of depression

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bipolar I disorder

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have at least one episode of mania

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bipolar II disorder

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have had episodes of major depression and hypomania, which a milder degree of mania

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arachidonic acid

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produced mostly during times of brain inflammation

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schizophrenia

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someone must exhibit a deterioration of daily activities, including work , social relations, and self-care. He or she must also exhibit at least two of the following: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, or a loss of normal emotional responses and social behaviors

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positive symptoms

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behaviors that are notable by their presence, such as hallucinations and delusions

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negative symptoms

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behaviors notable for their absence, including a lack of speech and emotional expression, a lack of ability to feel pleasure, and a general inability to take care of oneself

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hallucinations

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perceptions that do not correspond to anything in the objective world

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delusions

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unfounded beliefs that are strongly held despite a lack of evidence for them

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delusion of grandeur

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a belief that you are unusually important

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delusion of reference

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a tendency to interpret all sorts of messages as if they were meant for oneself

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neurodevelopmental hypothesis

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schizophrenia originates with nervous system impairments that develop before or around the time of birth, for either genetic or other reasons

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season-of-birth effect

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a person born in the winter or early spring is slightly more likely to develop schizophrenia than a person born at other times

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antipsychotic drug

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that is, a drug that can relieve shcizophrenia

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dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

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the underlying cause of schizophrenia is excessive stimulation of certain types of dopamine synapses

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tardive dyskinesia

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a condition characterized by tremors and involuntary movements

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atypical antipsychotic drugs

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relieve schizophrenia without causing tardive dyskinesia

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expressed emotion

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hostile or critical comments