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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empiristic View
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get all sensory information from environment. passive. like going for a car ride--> observation
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Distal Stimulus
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object from far away... the actual physical stimulus.
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proximal stimulus
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close... interpretation. sometimes we mistake an object or scene for something els bc thats what we expect
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Nativist view
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use environment to determine what's going on...the praagprah si aewsmoe
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Sensation
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energy absorption-> transduction into neural impulses->transfer to central nervous system->relay of neural impulse to cortex
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psychophysics
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absolute (fechner) and difference (weber) threshold
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Absolute threshold
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the minimal amount of the stimulus for person to sense the stimuli
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difference threshold
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minimum amount of change that has to occur for person to sense change
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Signal detection theory
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involves sensory and decision making processes
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signal detection outcomes
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false alarm, hit, miss, correct rejection
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police officers dilemma
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correl park judd and wittenbrink,
decidsion to shot/ not shoot when victim reaches for pocket, more often to early with black victim |
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influences on signal detection
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stimulus itself- intensity, sensitivity- characteristics of perciever, backround noise, criterion-expectations, incentive, consequences
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process of ear
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outer ear- collects sound waves and directs to eardrum- a taut membrane at the end of the auditory canal->vibrations from eardrum transmit to oval window which separate middle from inner ear (go from first auditory ossicle (3 bones) to second to third then window)-> movements in oval window cause waves in fluid in the cochlea
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wavelength
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time from one crest to the next
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amplitude
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from middle to crest...pressure
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frequency
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crests per second wavelength / time
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rods
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achromatic sensations-located in periphery of retina sensitive to relatively low light intensities
black and white |
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cones
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chromatic sensations- located in fovea
respond too much higher levels of light color |
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short wavelengths
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blue
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long wavelengths
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red
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tall amplitudes
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bright color, loud sounds
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short amplitudes
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dull colors quiet sounds
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trichromatic theory
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different cones for red green and blue
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opponent process theory
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three pairs of antagonistic colors: red-green, blue- yellow, black- white
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electromagnetic radiation visible spectrum
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400-750 nanometers
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Non-veridical nature of perception
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doesn't necessarily correspond with reality
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figure
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object in scene
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ground
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background context
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grouping
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percieving figures
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gestalt principles
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ways of grouping
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proximity
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closeness together
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similarity
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groups similar ppl together
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continuity
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more likely to see the shape that continues rather than the shape that is included but nly covers part
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closure
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the tendency to connect dotted lines
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synchronity
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if someone drops something and a baby cries we associate them directly
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bottom up processing
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data driven
templates-exact replica of the thing we have in the environment prototypes- look the same but not exactly the same shape and size |
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top down processing
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knowledge driven
effect of context belief expectation |
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depth perception
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spatial location of object
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common fate
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sets of stimulus moving in the same direction at the same pace tend to be grouped together
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common region
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stimulus elements in the same boundary frame group together
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connectedness
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stimulus connected by other elements tend to be grouped together
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pattern nets
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identifying the specific features that define the obect- top down
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Binocular cues
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depth information contained with both eyes
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convergence
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angle of convergence is used to determine how far away the object is
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retinal disparity
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difference between the two retinal images provides cues for distance
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monocular cues
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depth information obtained with one eye
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interposition
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when one object partially obstruct view of another object we believe its closer
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texture
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a uniformally textures object may apear rougher when closer and smoother when further away
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haze
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objects that are closer appear to be less hazy
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horizon
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the closer an object appears to the horizon the further away it seems
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shadow
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when and object has shadow on the top- concave
when shadows on the bottom- convex |
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perspective
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objects appear smalller as they move into the distance (illusion)
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Motion Parallax
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when your driving a car it looks like stuff far away isnt moving
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identifying the figure from the ground
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attending to specific perceptual features
attention-directing psychological resources to specific stimuli or features of the perceptual field directing- overt orienting vs covert orientating |
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Attention
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improves mental processing-stimuli attended to are processed more effectively
effortful- mental energy is used to give attention to something limited-can only attend to a certain # of stimuli at a given time |
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directing attention
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selective nature
bases of selective attention |
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Voluntary attention
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purposeful knowledge based focus of sensory systems towards paricular stimuli
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Involuntary attention
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Stimulus driven focus on certain aspects of the perceptual field
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Efficient Processing
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ensures that only important, meaningful stimuli are processed
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Inattentional Blindness
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limitation- may miss some important detail not focused on
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Encoding
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transforming basic information into mental representations
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Storage retention
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maintaining information in memory system over a period of time
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Retrieval
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process of retaining what has been recorded into images or memory
accessing information previously stored in memory system |
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Visual encoding
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By appearance how it looks
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Acoustic encoding
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by sound 'sounds like this'
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Semantic encoding
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by meaning trying to store information by what it means to us
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Information processing model
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The extent to which we encode information the more likely we are to remember it
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levels of encoding
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short term
long term sensory memory- brief moment we experience before we encode |
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Sensory memory
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the immediate or initial recording of information in the sensory register
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Echoic Memory
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the raw form before processing
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Iconic memory
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temporal integration procedure
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role of working memory
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enables organization and manipulation of vital information for problem solving
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maintenance of working memory
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maintainance rehearsal- repeat information to oneself
elaborative rehearsal-trying to link new information with old |
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Limited capacity
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chunks of 7 (+/- 2)
can be word, phrases so one if we recognize as a single group |
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Duration of working
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7-8 secs without rehearsal
20 with rehearsal |
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long term memory storage capacity
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extremely large... some ppl remember everything but then other functions dont run correctly bc memory takes over brain
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nature of LT memory
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subject to distortions
explicit vs implicit declarative vs non conscious recall vs non |
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episodic memory
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personal experience
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sematic memory
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factual knowledge
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procedural memory
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motor skills involving procedures
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Conditioning memory
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automatic conditioned response
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Primacy effect
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information at beginning of event more likely to be remembered
stored in LT memory due to rehearsal |
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Recency effect
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information at end of the event is more likely to be remembered
short or working memory |
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recall
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pick out info without andy clues
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recognition
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mult choice clues
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retrieval cues
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stimuli that aid access to information
encoding specifity principle- using examples context state of mind |
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fail of memory
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decay of information
interference |
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Proactive Interference
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info previously learned hinders new info
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Retroactive Interference
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new info hinders the old
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Incomplete Memory
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Availability vs Accessability
if not available then never accessable available info may not always be accessable tip of the tongue- can explain but not figure out right word |
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long term memory storage capacity
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extremely large... some ppl remember everything but then other functions dont run correctly bc memory takes over brain
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nature of LT memory
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subject to distortions
explicit vs implicit declarative vs non conscious recall vs non |
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episodic memory
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personal experience
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sematic memory
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factual knowledge
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procedural memory
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motor skills involving procedures
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Conditioning memory
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automatic conditioned response
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Primacy effect
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information at beginning of event more likely to be remembered
stored in LT memory due to rehearsal |
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Recency effect
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information at end of the event is more likely to be remembered
short or working memory |
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recall
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pick out info without andy clues
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recognition
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mult choice clues
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retrieval cues
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stimuli that aid access to information
encoding specifity principle- using examples context state of mind |
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fail of memory
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decay of information
interference |
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Proactive Interference
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info previously learned hinders new info
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Retroactive Interference
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new info hinders the old
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Incomplete Memory
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Availability vs Accessability
if not available then never accessable available info may not always be accessable tip of the tongue- can explain but not figure out right word |
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Childhood Amnesia
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shift in maturation. son called elmo tickle but now forgets
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Organic Amnesia
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-Injury
–Disease –Alcoholism –Chemical poisoning –Senility |
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Memory construction
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when answer a question like what color was the barn when there was no barn
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