General Psychology 101

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phenotype

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visible apparent charateristics

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genotype

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genetic appearance

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heritability index

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estimate to which a particular behavior can be attributed to genes. intelligence ranges from 0.3-0.7, ~50% comes from genes

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critical period

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limited time span during which an organ is biologically prepared to acquire certain characteristics

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ethology

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born with certain genetic predispositions (diathesis)

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Lorenz

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studied birds and imprinting

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Harlow

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studied monkeys and attachment. dealt with hypothalamus and the amygdala

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Bowlby

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attachment style

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Ainsworth

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if lose security become insecure, anxious, feel detachment, protest, feel despair

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abusive relationships

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more abusive, more attached the victim becomes

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Downs syndrome

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trisomy 21, 21st chromosomal pair has an extra chromosome. genetic disorder

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Klienfelters syndrome

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XYX males
men have no 2ndary sex characteristics (sperm, hair growth)

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Turners syndrome

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XXX females
deficits in spatial orientation
no 2ndary sex characteristics (menstruation)

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XXY

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large stature, more represented in prisons, stupid criminals

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germinal period

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conception --> implantation
(8-10 days)

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embryonic period

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end of 2nd week --> end of 8th week
most important period
most susceptible to teratogens (drugs, toxins, disease)
3rd -5th week heart develops
5th - 8th week limbs grow

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fetal period

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9th week-birth

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fetal alcohol syndrome

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growth retardation, widely spaced eyes, short eyelid openings, microcephaly, irritability, hyperactivity

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fetuses exposed to heroin or meth

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low birth weight, prematurity, physical malformations, infant mortality
51A filed if a child is born addicted to drugs, will be removed from parent

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fetuses exposed to smoking

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spontaneous abortions, low birth weight, increased risk of infant mortality, irritability, decreased school achievement, hyperactivity

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fetal exposure to rubella

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between 4th and 8th week will get heart defects, cataracts, deafness, GI anomolies, retardation, 15% death rate after birth

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fetus severely malnourished

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spontaneous abortions, malformations,in 3rd trimester can have adverse effects on the CNS

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fetal exposure to emotional stress

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increased level of complications, low birth weight, cleft palate, spontaneous abortions

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SIDS

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connected to a genetic marker

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Apgar tests

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reflex tests for newborns to ensure nervous system ok. results can be affected by medications at birth.
includes suckling reflex

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tonic neck reflex

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(now replaced) gently move neck from side to side, watch movement of hands

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Palmer grasp

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(now replaced) baby grasps your hands in their palm

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Babinski test

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(now replaced) touch bottom of foot, baby kicks leg and separates out its toes. Reflex in adults after trauma indicates brain damage

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Moro test

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allow baby's head to drop slightly, baby arches back and extends legs

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Developmental trends

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cephalo-caudal

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proximal-distal

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motor developmental growth
1) motor control of head develops first, followed by arms, trunk, then legs
2) motor function proceeds from center of body outwards

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secular trends

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infants reach motor milestones earlier than 50 years ago. they are taller, weigh more, enter puberty sooner. due to better nutrition, better child rearing practices, early development programs

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Physical developmental milestones 1

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ability to hold head erect
and steady (7 wks, 3wks-4mos)

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Physical developmental milestones 2

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grasping a cube
3 mos and 3 wks

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Physical developmental milestones 3

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rolling from back to side
(involves lots of tonic neck reflex)
4.5 mos (2-7 mos)

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Physical developmental milestones 4

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sitting alone w/ good coordination
7 mos (5-9 mos)

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Physical developmental milestones 5

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crawling
7 mos (5-11 mos)

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Physical developmental milestones 6

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pulling to a stand
8 mos (5-12 mos)

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Physical developmental milestones 7

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play patty cake
9 mos & 3 wks (7-15 mos)

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Physical developmental milestones 8

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object permanance
6 mos+

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Physical developmental milestones 9

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standing alone
ll mos (9-16 mos)

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Physical developmental milestones 10

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walking alone
11 mos 3 wks (9-17 mos)

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child disentigrative disorder

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stop development after 2 years

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schema

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mental representations about an important aspect in the world based on experiences, organized way of thinking

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Piaget

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naturalistic observation of cognitive development. trained as a biologist, did field research. cog development occurs via adaptation, schemas, it is invariable

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adaptation

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occurs because of assimilation and accomodation

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sensory motor stage

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birth->2years
object info
motor activity (grasping)
achieve object permanance
engage in imitation and play

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pre-operational

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2-7 years
increase in symbolic activity
strides in language, make believe play
limited by
1) egocentrism - unaware of points of view different than their own
2) anamistic thinking - belief that objects have life-like thinking and intentions
3) inability to conserve - precursor to concrete thinking
centration - focus on 1 detail and neglect others
irreversibility

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concrete-operational

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7-11 years
kids develop reversability and decentration
can only deal with concrete and logical tangible information
ability to manipulate and transform information
concepts of distance, time,and speed
transivity - mentally sorting and classifying objects
convergent and divergent

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"horizontal decolage"

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conservation goes in sequential order: number, length, liquid, mass, area, weight, volume

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Formal operations

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11-15 years
incl hypothetic deductive and propositional thought
spend time constructing grand and philosophical ideas based on limited life experience.
Piaget says everyone reaches this
Arlin (1975) says 50% reach this.
Lorten (1984) says many use this only in areas of expertise\experience

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formal operational egocentrism

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optimistic, yet unsophisticated and naieve - Piaget
rigid insistance world can be a better place through the implementation of grand idealistic schemes and plans

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propositional theory

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the ability to focus on verbal assertions and evaluate their logical validity without real world references

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Imaginary audience

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Elkin (1981)
belief that others are as concerned with and critical of adolescent's behavior as they are of themselves

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Personal fable

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belief that one's ideas and feelings are so unique that no one else can experience anything like them

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heteronomous thinking

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moral realism
Piaget said 5-10 year olds show great respect for rules, believe them to be rigid

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autonomous thinking

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after age 10, kids begin to question authority, rules are no longer fixed, attentionality

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Preconventional (kohlberg cog devol stages)

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stage 1: deferring to authority, punishment & obedience
stage 2: satisfying one's own needs, preconventional moralism

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conventional (gilligan)

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stage 3 (female): seeking approval of others, the morality of interpersonal importance-care ethic
stage 4 (males): doing one's duty, obeying societal laws, justice ethic

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post-conventional

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stage 5: upholding laws that are democratically determined and fair, laws can be changed for valid reasons
stage 6: universal ethical principle, preserving human dignity. right action chosen by using self-created ethical principles

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Lewin's formula

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behavior = f(P,E)

1-6 listen to everything adults say
6-8 begin to question authority
8-11 "crazy years" transition from child to adulthood
12+ maturity

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topics of social psych

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diad
leadership/influence
group/peer pressure
concert/mob scene

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"conflicts" of social psych

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approach-approach
avoidance-avoidance
approach-avoidance

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zigarnik effect

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people remember incompleted tasks more than completed ones

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self-concept theory (perception)

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Bem
if weak internal cues or difficult to interpret cues - then infer feelings and thoughts by observing our behaviors and situation

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emotional arousal experiment

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schachter and singer (1962)
epinephrine and vitamin shot
waiting room observation

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deci & green & leper

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give someone a reward for something they are already doing will give the person less interest in the activity

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Festinger

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our self concept is influenced by other people

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attribution theory

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fundamental attribution error - overestimate role of personal factors in others, underestimate impact of a situation on us

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self-serving bias

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project our own self esteem