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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology |
The scientific study of the mind |
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psyche = |
soul |
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empirical method |
a form of acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation (example - the scientific method) |
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Structuralism |
attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind -Wundt |
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Wilhem WUNDT |
-1st psychologist -structuralism through introspection (“internal perception”) |
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Functionalism |
to study the function of behavior in the world focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment focused on the operation of the whole, rather than its individual parts -William James |
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William JAMES |
-1st AMERICAN psychologist -functionalism |
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Sigmund FREUD |
-one of the most influential & well-known psychologists -psychoanalytic theory |
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Psychoanalytic Theory |
focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious + early childhood experiences |
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Gestalt Psychology |
-Wertheimer, Koffka, + Kohler sensory experiences can be broken down into individual parts, but those parts relating to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception Gestalt = “whole” |
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Behaviorism |
approach of observing + controlling behavior dominated experimental psychology for several decades + largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline -Pavlov, Watson, + Skinner |
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Ivan PAVLOV |
Classical Conditioning |
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Classical Conditioning |
a process by which we learn to associate stimuli, and consequently, to anticipate events Steps: unconditioned stimulus (UCS) -> unconditioned response (UCR) ACQUISITION: neutral stimulus (NS) + UCS -> UCR NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS), UCR becomes conditioned response (CR) CS -> CR EXTINCTION: a decrease in the CR when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY: the return of a previously extinguished CR following a rest period
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other Classical Conditioning terms |
Stimulus Discrimination - demonstrates the conditioned response ONLY TO the conditioned stimulus Stimulus Generalization - when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus Higher-Order Conditioning aka Second-Order Conditioning - using the conditioned stimulus of the can opener to condition another stimulus Habituation - occurs when an organism learns not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly w/out change |
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John WATSON |
“the founder of behaviorism” used the principles of classical conditioning with human emotions (the Little Albert experiment) |
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B.F. SKINNER |
Operant Conditioning |
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Operant Conditioning |
organisms learn to associate a behavior to its consequence Law of Effect - behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated |
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consequences of Operant Conditioning |
Positive Reinforcement = something is ADDED to INCREASE the likelihood of a behavior being repeated Negative Reinforcement = something is REMOVED to INCREASE the likelihood of a behavior being repeated Positive Punishment = something is ADDED to DECREASE the likelihood of a behavior being repeated Negative Punishment = something is REMOVED to DECREASE the likelihood of a behavior being being repeated
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other Operant Conditioning terms |
Shaping - rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior Primary Reinforcers - innate reinforcing qualities (these reinforcers are not learned) Secondary Reinforcers - has no inherent value, only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer Continuous Reinforcement - reinforcing a behavior each time it is displayed Partial Reinforcement aka Intermittent Reinforcement - organism does not get reinforced every time the desired behavior is performed |
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Reinforcement Schedules |
Fixed Interval - reinforcement is delivered at PREDICTABLE TIME INTERVALS Fixed Ratio - reinforcement is delivered after a PREDICTABLE NUMBER OF RESPONSES Variable Interval - reinforcement is delivered at UNPREDICTABLE TIME INTERVALS Variable Ratio - reinforcement is delivered after an UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER OF RESPONSES |
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Learning = |
relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience versus Reflex + Instinct Reflex - are a motor or neutral reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment Instinct - innate behavior that is triggered by broader range of events |
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other Learning terms |
Associative Learning - when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment Latent Learning - learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it Cognitive Map - a mental picture of a layout |
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Associative Learning |
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, + observational learning |
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Observational Learning |
learning by watching others + then imitating/modeling their behavior Models = the individuals performing the imitated behavior -models can be live, verbal, or symbolic |
