Psychology 101- Chapter 4

Front 1

Classical conditioning

Back 1

Aquiring a new response (the conditioned response) to a previously neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) that reliably signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 2

Reflex

Back 2

A stimulus-response pair in which the stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) automatically elicits the response (the unconditioned response).

Front 3

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 3

The stimulus in a reflex that automatically elicits an unconditioned response.

Front 4

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 4

The response in a reflex that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned response.

Front 5

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 5

The stimulus that comes to elicit a new response (the conditioned response) in classical conditioning.

Front 6

Conditioned response (CR)

Back 6

The response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning.

Front 7

Delayed conditioning

Back 7

A classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus and remains present until after the unconditioned stimulus is presented so the the two stimuli occur together.

Front 8

Trace conditioning

Back 8

A classical conditioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus but it removed before the unconditioned is presented so the two stimuli do not occur together.

Front 9

Aquisition

Back 9

(in classical conditioning). Aquiring a new response (the conditioned response) to the conditioned stimulus

Front 10

Extinction

Back 10

(in classical conditioning). The diminishing of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.

Front 11

Spontaneous theory

Back 11

(in classical conditioning). A partial recovery in strength of the conditioned response following a break during extinction training.

Front 12

Stimulus generalization

Back 12

(in classical conditioning). The elicitation of the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. The more similar the stimulus is to the conditioned stimulus, the stronger the response.

Front 13

Stimulus discrimination

Back 13

(in classical conditioning). The elicitation of the conditioned response only by the conditioned stimulus or only by a small set of highly similar stimuli that includes the conditioned stimulus.

Front 14

Operant conditioning

Back 14

Learning to associate behaviors with their conserquences. Behaviors that are reinforced (lead to satisfyinf consequences) will be strengthened, and behaviors that are punished (lead to unsatisfying consequences) will be weakened.

Front 15

Law of effect

Back 15

A principle developed by Edward Thorndike thats says that any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated and that any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated.

Front 16

Reinforcer

Back 16

A stimulus that increases the probability of a prior response.

Front 17

Punisher

Back 17

A stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior response.

Front 18

Reinforcement

Back 18

The process by which the probability of a response is increased by the presentation of a reinforcer.

Front 19

Punishment

Back 19

The process by which the probability of a response is decreased by the presentation of a punisher.

Front 20

Appetitive stimulus

Back 20

A stimulus that is pleasant.

Front 21

Aversive stimulus

Back 21

A stimulus that is unpleasent.

Front 22

Positive reinforcement

Back 22

Reinforcement in which an appetitive stimulus is present.

Front 23

Positive punishment

Back 23

Punishment in which an aversive stimulus is presented.

Front 24

Negative reinforcement

Back 24

Reinforcement in which an aversive stimulus is removed.

Front 25

Negative punishment

Back 25

Punishment in which an appetitive stimulus is removed.

Front 26

Primary reinforcer

Back 26

A stimulus that is innately reinforcing.

Front 27

Secondary reinforcer

Back 27

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing property through learning.

Front 28

Behavior modification

Back 28

The application of classical and operant conditioning principles to eliminate undesireable behavior and to teach more desireable behavior.

Front 29

Shaping

Back 29

Training a human o animal to make an operant response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response.

Front 30

Cumulative record

Back 30

A record of the total number of operant responses over time that visually depicts the rate of responding.

Front 31

Aquisition (in operant conditiong)

Back 31

The strengthening of a reinforced operant response.

Front 32

Extinction (in operant conditioning)

Back 32

The diminishing of the operant response when it is no longer reinforced.

Front 33

Spontaneous recovery (in operant conditioning)

Back 33

The tempoary recovery of the operant response following a break during extinction training.

Front 34

Discriminative stimulus

Back 34

In operant conditioning, the stimulus that has to be present for the operant response to be reinforced.

Front 35

Stimulus discrimination (in operant conditioning)

Back 35

Learning to give the operant response only in the presence of the discriminative stimulus.

Front 36

Stimulus generalization (in operant conditioning)

Back 36

Giving the operant response in the presence of stimuli similar to the discriminative stimulus. The more similar the stimulus is to the discriminative stimulus, the higher the operant response rate.

Front 37

Continuous schedule of reinforcement

Back 37

In operant conditioning, reinforcing the desired operant response each time it is made.

Front 38

Partial schedule of reinforcement

Back 38

In operant conditioning, reinforcing the desired operant response only part of the time.

Front 39

Partial-reinforcement effect

Back 39

The finding that operant responsed that are reinforced on partial schedules are more resistant to extinction than those reinforced on a continuous schedule.

Front 40

Fixed-ration schedule

Back 40

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered each time a fixed number of responses are made. The fixed number can be any number greater than one.

Front 41

Variable-ration schedule

Back 41

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses it takes to obtain a reinforcer varies on each trial but averages to a set number across trials.

Front 42

Fixed-interval schedule

Back 42

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered after the first response is given once a set interval of time has elapsed.

Front 43

Variable-interval schedule

Back 43

A partial schedule of reinforcement in which the time that must elapse on each trial before a response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer varies from trial to trial but averages to a set time across trials.

Front 44

Motivation

Back 44

The set of internal and external factors that energize our behavior and direct it toward goals.

Front 45

Drive-reduction theory

Back 45

A theory of motivation which proposes that our behavior is motivated to reduce drives (bodily tension rates) created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the body to a balanced internal state.

Front 46

Incentive theory

Back 46

A theory of motivation which proposes that our behavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that we have learned to associate with reinforcement.

Front 47

Arousal theory

Back 47

A theory of motivation which proposes that our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level of psychological arousal.

Front 48

Yerkes-Dodson theory

Back 48

A law describing the relationship between the amount of arousal and the performance quality on a task- increasing arousal up to some optimal level increases performance quality on a task, but increasing arousal past this point is detrimental to performance.

Front 49

Extrinsic motivation

Back 49

The desire to perform a behavior for external reinforcement.

Front 50

Intrinsic motivation

Back 50

The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

Front 51

Overjustification effect

Back 51

A decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and then the reinforcement discontinued.

Front 52

Instinctual drift

Back 52

The tendency for an animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an innate instictual response to an object.

Front 53

Latent learning

Back 53

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to do so.

Front 54

Observational learning (modeling)

Back 54

Learning by observing others and imitating their behavior.