Study Guide For Ch 13-18 Psychology 7Th Ed.

Front 1

Psychopathology

Back 1

Pattern of thoughts, emotion,and vehavior that results in personal distress or a significant impairment in a person's social or occupational functioning.

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Infrequency (statistical infrequency)

Back 2

You are considered abnormal in most people think differently than you. Poor criterion for abnormality since genious is abnormal yet highly valued.

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Norm Violation

Back 3

This is when you violate social norms. Your actions would be determined as bizarre, unusual, or disturbing to most people (ex. standing too close to someone).

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Personal Suffering

Back 4

Feeling distress as a sign of abnormality. May be due to being gay or death of a loved one and so it is also inadequate by itself.

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Practial Approach (identifying abnormality)

Back 5

Uses content, context, and consequences of the behavior as well as impaired functioning.

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Biopsychosocial Model

Back 6

Model that attributes psychopathology to three other causes: biological factors, psychological processes, and sociocultrual contexts.

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Biological Factors

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Illness, disruptions or imbalances in bodily processes, and gentic influences cause mental disorders. Includes the medical model and the neurobilogical model.

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Psychological Processes

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Wants, neds, emotions, learning experiences, and our way of looking at the world all can cause psychological disorders. (Psychological Model)

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Sociocultural Context

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Must look at the social and cultural context of the behavior to determine if it is abnormal.

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Diathesis (Diathesis Model)

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Whether or not a personactually develops symptoms of a disorder depends on the nature and amount of stess the person encounters. Therefore, inhereted biological tendencies for a certain disorder may only cause the disorder under the right amount of stress.

Front 11

DSM-IV

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Classifies and categorizes mental disorders.

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Axis I-V

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I: major mental disorders
II: personality disorders or mental retardation
III: Medical conditions
IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems (death of loved one)
V: Score of 1-100 for functioning level

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Phobia (Anxiety Disorder)

Back 13

An intense, irrational fear of an object or situation that is not likely to be dangerous.

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Specific Phobia

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Fear and avoidance of heights, blood, animals, automobiles, or air travel and other specific stimuli.

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Social Phobia

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Anxiety about being criticized by others or acting ina way that is embarassing.

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Agoraphobia

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Fear of being away from a safe place.

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General Anxiety Disorder

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Excessive and long lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situtuation.

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Panic Disorder

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Disorder that causes panic attacks for no particular reason and can continue for years.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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A person will engage in compulsive repetitive acts to reduce the anxiety involved with the obsession.

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Causes of Anxiety Disorders

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Bilogical and Psychological Factors are involved.

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Biological Factors (cause of Anxiety Disorders)

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Most disorders run in families, so disorders may be learned and could also be genetic.

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Psychological Factors (cause of Anxiety Disorders)

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Psychological factors such as environmental stressors, cognitive processes and learning cause anxiety.

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Somatoform Disorders

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Psychological disorders that take a somatic (bodily) form. Ex. can't run because of anxiety and stress.

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Conversion Disorder

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A somatoform disorder where a person has blindness, paralysis, deafness, and other sensory disorders w/o physical symptoms.

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Hypocholdriasis (Somatoform Disorder)

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A unjustified fear that you have cancer, AIDS, or other severe diseases.

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Somatization Disorder (Somatoform Disorder)

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Many physical problems rather than one illness without any physical signs

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Pain Disorder

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The feeling of pain w/o any physical signs.

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Dissociative Disorders

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Problems with memory, consciousness, and identity for long periods of time.

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Dissociative Fugue

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Sudden loss of memory, adoption of a new identity in a new locale.

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Dissociative Amnesia

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Sudden loss of memory but no new identity in a new locale.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder)

Back 31

As if the person has multiple personalities that write, act, speak, and have impulses that are different from each other.

Front 32

Electroconvulsive Therapy

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Not considered a type of psychotherapy.

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Psychiatrist

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Can prescibe drugs and has their doctorate.

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Psychologist

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Has their doctorate but cannot prescribe drugs.

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Free Association

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Allowing a patient to speek freely with whatever comes to mind in order for the patient to realize their problem on their own (Freud).

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Aversive Conditioning

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Aversive conditioning reduces undesirable behaviors by using classical conditioning principles to associate an unpleasant feeling with those behaviors.

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Flooding

Back 37

Placing a person in close proximity to their fear to show them that no harm will come.

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Positive Reinforcement

Back 38

Giving praise to promote a desired behavior.

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Punishment

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Using an adverse stimulus after an undesirable behavior occurs to try and stop that behavior (ex. electical shock).

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Congruence

Back 40

Congruence refers to a consistency between a therapist's feelings and actions; it is sometimes called genuineness. In the question, we are given no indication that Marsha's concern is genuine.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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The therapist is demonstrating unconditional positive regard because the client is being treated as a valued person, despite his or her behavior in previous sessions.

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Gestalt Therapy

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Gestalt therapists pay attention to nonverbal cues and they often ask clients to engage in imaginary dialogues and other role-playing exercises.

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Modeling

Back 43

a technique in which a client watches other people perform desired behaviors in order to learn them vicariously.

Front 44

Object Relations Therapy

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Object relations therapy focuses on the role of maladaptive early attachment patterns in the development of psychological disorders.

Front 45

Psychotherapy and Drugs

Back 45

Always more effective than either one on their own

Front 46

When is ECT used (Electroconvulsive Therapy)

Back 46

ECT is used for patients whose depression is severe, who cannot tolerate or do not respond to antidepressants, or who are at high risk for suicide.

Front 47

Prozac

Back 47

Mildest side effects

Front 48

Haloperidol

Back 48

May cause tardive dyskinesia, a serious and irreversible disorder of the nervous system.

Front 49

Which is more effective antidepressants or psychotherapy

Back 49

antidepressants and psychotherapy are equally effective.

Front 50

Different Psychologists

Back 50

Clinical
Community
Counseling
Client Centered

Front 51

Psychoanalysis

Back 51

study of unconscious conflicts and their effects on patients.

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Classical Psychoanalysis

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Freud started with hypnosis to treat hysteria (ex. blind w/o physical signs). Moved to free association.

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Manifest Content

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Obvious content of dreams, the actual images and events.

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Latent Content

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Reflects the wishes, impulses, and fantasies that the dreamers's defense mechanisms keep out of consciousness.

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Transference

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Childhood fellings and conflicts about parents are transfered to the therapist.

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Short-term dynamic psychotherapy (object relations therapy)

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A much more active therapy in which the therapist is more involved and includes a person or thing that has emotional significance to the patient (object relations therapy).

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Interpersonal Therapy

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Therapy that deals with interpersonal problems after early childhood such as a death in the family or job loss.

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psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and time-limited dynamic psychotherapy

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Classical Psychoanalysis in less sessions using most of Freudians beliefs but with less rules and more goals.

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Supportive Expressive Thereapy

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Therapists look for a reacurring conflict or core conflict that may cause their behavior.

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Humanistic Psychotherapy

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Emphasizes the way people interpret events in their life. Focuses on natural growth and disorders try to inhibit that growth due to a lack of knowledge. Clients are responsible for their actions and thoughts.

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Client Centered Therapy

Back 61

Humanistic Psychotherapy. Developed by Carl Rogers and is based on the idea that the clients will figure their problems out with the unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence from the therapist.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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Treating the client as a valued person no matter what.

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Empathy

Back 63

An emotional understanding of the clients feelings

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Reflection

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A paraphrased summary of the clients words to give feeling. Used in Client Centered Therapy.

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Congruence

Back 65

Or genuineness, it refers to a consistancy between the therapist's feelings and their actions.

Front 66

Classical Psychoanalysis

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Freud used free association after hypnosis to help the patient find thier own problems.

Front 67

Manifest Content, Latent Content

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Obvious actions and images in a dream, the underlying wishes, impulses and fantasies that the dream means.

Front 68

Transference

Back 68

Action out love, anger, etc. towards the therapist that stem from parents and childhood feelings.

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Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy (object therapy)

Back 69

Contemporary psychoanalysis (neo-freudian). Uses more intemate patient time and a uses an important figure to speed up psychotherapy.

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Interpersonal Therapy

Back 70

Helps clients explore and overcome events after early childhood like lost loved one or lost job.

Front 71

Psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and time limited dynamic psychotherapy

Back 71

Uses classical methods in much less time by using more flexible rules and by setting goals for the client.

Front 72

Supportive Expressive Therapy

Back 72

Uses a core conflict or reacurring conflict to speed up the psychotherapy.

Front 73

Humanistic Psychotherapy

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Focuses on the way people interpret the events that happen in their life.

Front 74

Client Centered Theory

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Developed by Carl Rogers. Allowed clients to talk about what they want while giving unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence.

Front 75

Reflection

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Restating what the patient said so that the therapist seems interested.

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Gestalt Theory

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Developed by Frederick and Laura Perls. People create their own versino s of reality and their psychological growth depends if that reality is what actually exists. The client becomes more self aware and able to help themselves.

Front 77

Behavior Therapy

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Idea that behavior is learned and so this process can be reversed using therapy.

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Systematic Desensitization

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Visualizes a fearful event while remaining relaxed. Uses progressive relaxation training and desensitization heirarchy (increasingly fearful events).

Front 79

In Vivo Desensitization

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Use of real life fears to desesitize based on the same heirarchy. Use of virtual reality to maintain control.

Front 80

Modeling

Back 80

The use of a therapist to show a client the proper way of dealing with psychological issues. Participant modeling is when live people and gradual practice is used.

Front 81

Assertiveness Training and Social Skills Training

Back 81

Use of modeling to help in social situations.

Front 82

Positive Reinforcement

Back 82

The use of positive stimulus to give a desired actions.

Front 83

Extinction

Back 83

If a person is acting out to get attention then you could use extinction to not give that attention and their behavior will not pay off and they will stop.

Front 84

Flooding

Back 84

Keeping a patient in a feared but harmless situation untill they become desensitized to it.

Front 85

Aversion Therapy

Back 85

Aversion conditioning is used in this therapy to associate nausia and other bad side effects with an action.

Front 86

Punishment

Back 86

Negative responce after a negative action occurs. Ex. Shock a person if they yell.

Front 87

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Back 87

Allows the patient to realize their irrational behavior and to correct it themselves once it is out in the open.

Front 88

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Back 88

Developed by Albert Ellis. Psychological problems are a result of how people think about events. Ellis would identify self defeating beliefs and uses modeling, encouragement, and logic to show the client how to rephrase the thought.

Front 89

Cognitive Restructuring

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Setting up new beliefs once the incorrect ones are realized. Used in Cognitive Behavior Therapy.

Front 90

Cognitive Therapy

Back 90

Aaron Beck. Many psychological disorders are due to an error of logic.

Front 91

Group Therapy

Back 91

Treatment of several unrelated clients under the guidance of a therapist. These groups are usually organized around a certain problem (Alcohol).

Front 92

Neuroleptics

Back 92

Reduce psychotic symptoms, phenothiazines, chlorpromazine, Largactil, parkinson's desease like symptoms, tardive dyskinesia (TD) is the worst symptom and is an irreversible disorder of the motor system.

Front 93

Clozapine (Clozaril)

Back 93

Same as neuroleptics but not TD. Can cause agranulocytosis a deadly blood disease.

Front 94

haloperidol

Back 94

Causes TD but reduces seditation.

Front 95

Risperidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Ziprasidone

Back 95

No TD, No agranulocytosis, still helps schitzo's

Front 96

MAOIs, TCAs, Prozac

Back 96

Antidepressants with decreasing side effects.

Front 97

Social Psychology

Back 97

Study of how peoples thoughts and feelings influence their behavior.

Front 98

Social Cognition

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The mental processes that people have when precieving and interacting with groups.

Front 99

Self Concept

Back 99

The beliefs of who we are and the characteristics we posses.

Front 100

Self Esteem

Back 100

How we place ourselves in comparison with others around us. How worthy we claim to be as human beings.

Front 101

Temporal Comparison

Back 101

Comparison of how we were in the past compared to how we are now.

Front 102

Social Comparison

Back 102

A way of comparing ourselves with others around us.

Front 103

Reference Groups

Back 103

We usually compare ourselves to people like us.

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Downward social comparison

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comparing oneself to someone lower than them

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Upward social comparison

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comparing oneself to someone who is better than you.

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relative deprivation

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This results from an unfavorable comparison of youself with others. It is the belief that you deserve more no matter how much you are getting.

Front 107

self schemas

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mental representations of a person's beliefs and views about themselves. Unified = failure in all areas, Differentiated = failure in just that area

Front 108

Social Perception

Back 108

The process through which people interpret information about others.

Front 109

Attribution

Back 109

the process people use to describe their behavior.

Front 110

Consensus

Back 110

The degree to which other people's behavior is similar to the actor's. Other people behave the same way as your friend.

Front 111

Consistency

Back 111

The degree to which the behavior is the same over time and/or other situations.

Front 112

Distinctiveness

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The extent to which the actor's response to one situation stands out from responses to similar situations.

Front 113

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 113

The tendancy to overattribute peoples actions to internal factors.

Front 114

Ultimate Attribution Error

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In-group does something good = hard working out-group does something good = luck

Front 115

Actor-Observer Bias

Back 115

When people overattribute their own actions to external factors

Front 116

Self-Serving Bias

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Internal factors for sucess and external factors for failure.

Front 117

Unrealistic Optimism

Back 117

The tendancy to believe that positive events are more likely to happen to yourself than to others and that negative events are more likely to happen to others.

Front 118

Unique Invulnerability

Back 118

Another self protective function that makes us think that nothing bad can happen to us even though evidence says otherwise.

Front 119

Attitudes

Back 119

The tendancy to think, feel, or act positively or negatively toward objects in our environment. 3 components include cognitive, affective, and behavioral.

Front 120

Elaboration likelihood model

Back 120

Framework for understanding when and how the person, the content, and the audience affect attitude.

Front 121

Peripheral Route

Back 121

Attitude is affected by the persuasion cues such as confidence, attractiveness, etc.

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Central Route

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Attitude change is due to the central content of the message.

Front 123

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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People want their attitudes to be consistant with others and with their behavior.

Front 124

Self-Perception Theory

Back 124

Daryl Bem. People look at their actions under certain circumstances and say that their attitude must have been coinciding with that.

Front 125

Stereotypes

Back 125

perceptions beliefs and expections a person has about members of some group/

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Prejudice

Back 126

positive or negative attitude toward an individual based simply on membership in some group.

Front 127

Motivational Theories

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Explains why authoratarian type people need to reject the out-group to feel safer. People are motivated to enhance their own self-esteem.

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Cognitive Theories

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When people group large numbers of people into groups to deal with social complexity.

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Learning Theories

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Prejudice is learned and people use what they learn to group people.

Front 130

Interpersonal Attraction

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Environment: close physical proximity.
Similarity: People like those who they perceive to be similar to themselves.
Physical Attractiveness: people like others of similar attractiveness to themselves.

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Interdependence

Back 131

Factor in intimacy where thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of one person affect the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of the other.

Front 132

Love

Back 132

Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment