Psychology 1-6

Front 1

definition of psychology

Back 1

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 2

how psyc got started

Back 2

scholars wanted to find out how the mind works and how our bodies related to our minds

Front 3

empiricism

Back 3

the view that knowledge comes from experience through sense and that science should rely on observation and experimentation

Front 4

willhelm wundt

date

significance

who was wundts student

Back 4

1879

responsibile for the beginning of psychology

titchener

Front 5

evolution of psychology

Back 5

introspection to obers

Front 6

nature-nurture debate

Back 6

every psychological event is also a bilogical one.

Front 7

different perspectives that scientists study human behaviors

Back 7

neuroscientific
evolutionary
behavior genetics
psychodynamic
behavioral
cognitive
social cultural

Front 8

3 different fields of psychology

Back 8

basic research
applied research
clinical applications

Front 9

strucuralism

who

Back 9

aim to discover the elements of the mind

titchener

Front 10

funtionalist

who

Back 10

explorations of down to earth emotions, memories, will power, habits, moment-to-moment streams of consciousness

james

Front 11

humanistic psychology

Back 11

emphasizes the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance.

Front 12

nature nurture

Back 12

debate on whether human traits develop through experience of do we come equipped with them?

Front 13

natural selection

Back 13

ability for an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Front 14

levels of analysis

Back 14

differnt ideas that offer complementary outlooks

Front 15

biopsychological approach

Back 15

combines ideas of biological, psychological and social cultural factors

Front 16

counseling vs clinical psychologists

Back 16

help people cope with challenges

asses and treat disorders

Front 17

why introspection is unreliable

Back 17

1. we dont know
2. sometimes we think we know, we are wrong
3. when we are wrong, we are often very confident we are correct.
4. natural laws are often not intuitive

Front 18

theory and observation relation

Back 18

the circle between the two

one influences the other

Front 19

hindsight bias

Back 19

i knew it all along phenomenon

Front 20

2 good traits to have

Back 20

humility
critical thinking

Front 21

theory

Back 21

set of principles or behaviors that explain an event

Front 22

hypotheses

Back 22

testable predictions

Front 23

operational definition

Back 23

variable that is measurable

Front 24

operational definitions should be ___ and ___

Back 24

reliable
valid

Front 25

culture influencing behavior

Back 25

specific attitudes and beavhiors may be different, but underlying principles are still the same

Front 26

does gender matter

Back 26

there are differences, but both genders and similarly human

Front 27

why we study animals

Back 27

simplicity of similar systems

Front 28

psychologys view on animals

Back 28

best scenario is onewhere we are concerned for humans and sensitive to animals that serve the welfare of both

Front 29

is psychology value free?

Back 29

no

Front 30

is psychology dangerous?

Back 30

has the power to decieve, but its purpose is to enlighten

Front 31

ethical principles developed by the american psychological associataion (4)

Back 31

1. obain consent
2. protect from harm, discomfort
3. treat information confidentially
4. fully explain the research afterwards (debrief)

Front 32

case study
def
-

Back 32

study one individual in depth

hard to generalize results

Front 33

survery
def
+
-

Back 33

less in depth option where people report behavior or opinions

+easy to do

-people can lie
people just dont know
wording of questions
loss of control (extraneous factors)

Front 34

naturalisitic observation
def

-

Back 34

study natural condtions

loss of control of confounds
lots of behaviors you cant observe

Front 35

correlation, correlation coefficent

Back 35

compare one behavior to another

-1<r<1

|R|= strength of relationship (r=1 is perfect)

Front 36

correlation and causation?

Back 36

correlation is not causation

3rd factor

Front 37

illusory correlations

Back 37

we may notice random coincedences, we may forget that they are actually random

Front 38

experimentation

Back 38

manipulates a factor to determine its effect

Front 39

double blind procedure

Back 39

experiment with control and placebo

Front 40

placbeo effect

Back 40

no manipulations

Front 41

experimental condition

Back 41

person recieves treatment

Front 42

control condtion

Back 42

placebo

Front 43

independent variable

dependent variable

Back 43

one factor independent of others

several factors depending on what happens during the experiment

Front 44

statistical information

Back 44

doubt big, round, undocumented numbers. apply everyday reasoning

Front 45

central tendency

Back 45

great range in numbers due to one far off result

Front 46

measures of variation (2)

Back 46

range
standard deviation

Front 47

statistical significance

Back 47

represents the likleyhood of it happening not the importance of the result

Front 48

what if an experiment violates ethical guidelines?

Back 48

measure costs against benefits

Front 49

the best study

Back 49

a combination of several studies to produce converging operations

Front 50

the brains information system is composed of...

Back 50

nuerons

Front 51

dendrites

Back 51

recieve informaions

Front 52

axons

Back 52

fibers that pass information to the branches of the axon

Front 53

myelin sheath

what happens if it is destroyed

Back 53

fatty tissue that covers axons

multiple sclerosis- loss of muscle control

Front 54

polarized state

action potential

refractory period

Back 54

axon has more - than +

electrical charge that travels down the axon, let the "+'s" rush in

+ pushed back out

Front 55

synapse/synaptic gap

Back 55

space between the axon and next dendrite

Front 56

chemical messengers

how are excess messengers dealt with?

what releases them

Back 56

neurotransmitters

reputake

synaptic vesicles

Front 57

plasticity

Back 57

ability for the brain to adapt to other functions

Front 58

endorphins

Back 58

cause for a feel good feeling

Front 59

agonists vs antagonists

Back 59

excite vs inhibit

increase, decrease neurotransmitter release, or manipulate reputake

Front 60

blood brain barrier

why it is bad

Back 60

enables brain to filter out unwanted chemicals

makes designing a drug hard

Front 61

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

Back 61

brain and spinal cord

links central nervous system with bodys sense receptorsw

Front 62

sensory nuerons
motor nuerons

how each system communicates

Back 62

sense vs body control

interneurons

Front 63

somatic nervous system

Back 63

voluntary body control

Front 64

autonomic nervous system

Back 64

like auto pilot, but can be overrriden

Front 65

sympathetic nervous system

Back 65

increase bodily senses

Front 66

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 66

calms senses

Front 67

endocrine system

Back 67

releases hormones, resulting in a bodily response

Front 68

adrenal glands

where
what

Back 68

on top of kidneys
releases adrenaline

Front 69

glial cells

Back 69

in cortex, provide nutrients and insulating myelin, mop up neurotransmitters

Front 70

corpus callosum

Back 70

axon fibers connecting the brains two hemispheres

Front 71

basic biological functions are controlled by the...

Back 71

hindbrain, forebrain

Front 72

cerebral cortex (main brain)

functions of:
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
parital lobe

Back 72

-behaviors
-speech
-vision, recognizing objects
-spatial info, percieving and learning

Front 73

lower brain

functions of:
medulla
pons
cerrebellum

Back 73

-basic functions:hearbeat, breathing
-sleep cycles
-coordination

Front 74

motor cortex

Back 74

controls movement

Front 75

primary somatosensory cortex

Back 75

recieves information

Front 76

auditory cortex

Back 76

guidatory info

Front 77

visual cortex

Back 77

sight

Front 78

wenickes area

Back 78

comprehension of auditory innput

Front 79

brocas area

Back 79

produce speech

Front 80

motor cortex

Back 80

ability to speak

Front 81

thalamus

Back 81

relays sensory info

Front 82

hippocampus

Back 82

memory

Front 83

hypothalamus

Back 83

reward, punishment

Front 84

amygdala

Back 84

emotions, especially agression and fear

Front 85

pituitoary gland

Back 85

master gland

Front 86

ways to study the brain

Back 86

pictures
manipulate brain
EEG
single cell
autopsy

Front 87

recovering from brain damadge

Back 87

plascticity
cells are able to self repair
new cells are able to grow

Front 88

how genes control behavior

Back 88

provide the code for creating protein molecules, the bulding block of physical development

Front 89

indentical vs fraternal twins

Back 89

1 vs 2 eggs

Front 90

heretability or a trait

Back 90

to which extent traits can related to personalities

Front 91

molecular genetics

Back 91

quest to identify how specific genes influence behavior