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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
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A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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What is an Unconditioned Response?
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The unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. (e.g. If the smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response).
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What is an Unconditioned Stimulus?
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A stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. (For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus).
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What is a Conditioned Response?
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The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. (e.g. Let's suppose that the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, a feeling of hunger in response the smell is a unconditioned response, and a the sound of a whistle is the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle).
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What is Extinction?
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The gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing.
This happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
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What is Generalization?
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A phenomenon in psychology where conditioned subjects respond to stimuli similar to those they were conditioned to respond to. For example, if a dog is trained to salivate at the sight of a circle, the dog will salivate at the sight of an ellipse as well.
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What is Systematic Desensitization?
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A person is gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which he or she remains relaxed.
(Page 217-218) |
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What is Operant Conditioning?
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A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior.
We learn to engage in behaviors that result in desirable consequences, such as food, a hug, an A on a test, attention or social approval. (Page 220, 233) |
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What is Modeling?
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Relies upon observational learning.
A person observes, and then imitates, people who approach and cope with the objects or situations that the person fears. (Page 481) |
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What is Trial and Error Learning?
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Having a final goal in mind, you increment your behavior a little at a time until you reach the goal (e.g. a marathon runner training).
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What is Positive Reinforcement?
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The goal is to increase behavior.
Add something that helps you achieve or repeat the desired behavior. (Page 221) |
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What is Negative Reinforcement?
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The goal is to increase behavior.
Remove something that is preventing you from achieving or repeating the desired behavior. (Page 221) |
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What is a Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement?
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Based on time elapsed, but not sure of the amount of time required.
e.g. bonuses, tips, pop quizzes (Page 225-226) |
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What is a Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement?
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Based on time elapsed, same amount of time each and every time.
e.g. Weekly paychecks (Page 225-226) |
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What is a Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement?
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Based on the number of responses
Reward after a set amount of responses. You repeat the desired behavior because you know that after xx times, you will get the reward. (Page 225-226) |
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What is Insight Learning?
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A type of problem solving that happens all-of-a-sudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error.
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What is a Cognitive Map?
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e.g. You have a general map of the San Fernando Valley in your head. If your normal route to work, school or home was blocked, you could navigate an alternative path to your destination.
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What is Latent Learning?
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You know how to do something, but you did not realize that you know this.
(Page 231) |
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What is Observational Learning?
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The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others rather than by means of direct experience.
Monkey See, Monkey May Choose to Do. (Page 232) |
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What is a Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement?
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Based on the number of responses
Reward after a set amount of responses. You repeat the desired behavior because you know that after xx times, you will get the reward. (Page 225-226) |
