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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental psychology
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the field in which psychologists study how people grow and change throughout the lifespan—from conception, through infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and until death
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Maturation
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the automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals
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Critical period
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a stage or point in development during which a person or animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior pattern
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Reflex
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an involuntary reaction or response
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Infancy
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the period from birth to the age of two years
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Childhood
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the period from two years old to adolescence
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Stranger anxiety
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fear of strangers
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Separation anxiety
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distress when an infants mother leave
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Contact comfort
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the instinctual need to touch and be touched by something soft
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Imprinting
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the process by which some animals form immediate attachments during a critical period
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Authoritative
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with authority; parents combine warmth with positive kind of strictness
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Authoritarian
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parents believe in obedience for its own sake
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Self-esteem
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the value or worth that people attach to themselves
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Unconditional positive regard
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parents love and accept their children for who they are—no matter how they behave
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Conditional positive regard
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show love only when the children behave in certain acceptable ways
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Assimilation
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the process by which new information is placed into categories that already exist
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Accommodation
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change brought about because of new information
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Postconventional moral reasoning
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basing judgments based upon one’s personal values, no conventional standards
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Conventional moral reasoning
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basing judgments in terms of whether an act conforms to conventional standards of right and wrong
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Preconventional moral reasoning
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basing judgments on the consequences of behavior
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formal-operational stage
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the final cognitive stage; people can think abstractly
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Concrete-operational stage
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the third stage of cognitive development; children begin to show signs of adult thinking, but cannot think about abstract ideas
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Egocentrism
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the inability to see another person’s point of view
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Law of Conservation
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the law that says that key properties of substances, such as their weight, volume, and number, stay the same even if their shape or arrangement are changed
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Preoperational stage
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the second stage of cognitive development; children begin to use words and symbols to represent objects
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Object permanence
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the understanding that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched
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Sensorimotor stage
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• the first stage of cognitive development is characterized mainly by learning to coordinate sensation and perception with motor activity
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