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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Development is Multidirectional
Modifiable (plasticity) Multiply Influenced Contextual |
Lifespan Perspective (Baltes) |
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People aged 65-84.Live with diseases, but are still active. |
Young-old |
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People 85 and beyond.Are more likely to have disabilities and require care.
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Old-old”
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Increased life expectancy during the 20th century. due to? |
Eradication of infectious diseases Better management of chronic diseases Lifestyle changes |
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ability to adapt to your environment |
psychological age |
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age based on social norms |
sociocultural age |
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description of an individual's development based on biomarkers
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Biological age |
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Worldwide, the number of elderly 65 to 84 is projected to grow
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threefold by 2050
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Those age 85 and over will grow
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six fold
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Those 100 and over will grow
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sixteen fold
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– Non-experimental method devised to measure the degree of relationship between two variables without knowing cause
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Correlational
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– empirical investigation withrandom assignment to a control group or experimental group. manipulation of a possibly causal variable (IV). measurement of the effects of the manipulation on another variable (DV).
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Experimental
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– purposefully changing or applying a particular condition or treatment in a specified manner
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Manipulation
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– some factor other than the independent variable that if not controlled by the experimenter could explain differences between experimental and control groups on dependent variable
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Confound
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the aspect of the environment that an experimenter modifies or manipulates in order to measure its impact on behavior.
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Independent variable
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the aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of the independent variable
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Dependent variable
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Do not quantify relationships. Gather information. Descriptive. Examples: Qualitative Methods
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Non-Experimental
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Different age groups, one point in timePros/Cons
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Cross-sectional
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One group, different points in timeIntent to measure change across timePros/Cons
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Longitudinal
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A particular age group at several time pointsCollege Freshman in 2000, 2005, 2010
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Time Lag
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as one variable increases the other increases
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positive relationship |
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– inverse relation; as one variable increases the other decreases
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negative relationship |
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important in regulating mood, appetite and sleep. |
serotonin |
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Joy, pleasure, satisfaction, muscle control |
Dopamine |
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it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles
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Acetylcholine
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HAROLD |
Hemipheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adultsIncreased bilateral activation Decreased hippocampus activity |
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a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system |
neuron |
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neuron extensions that receive messages and conduct them toward the cell body |
dendrites |
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neuron extension that sends messages to other cells |
axon |
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process the info and converts it into an electrical impulse |
cell body |
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They are axons of individual neurons in bundles or strands of many axons |
Nerve |
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The chemical messengers that relay, amplify and modulate information between a nerve cell and another cell
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Neurotransmitters
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Excitatory neurotransmitters
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Norepinephrine
Epinephrine Dopamine Glutamate |
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inhibitory neurotransmitters |
GABA
Serotonin |
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Transmission
Psychological effectControl relaxation Brakes |
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
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TransmissionEnergy,
drive, motivation, learning and muscle activity“Fight or Flight” Response Gas pedal |
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
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releases chemical messengers into the space between nerves called the synapse |
Axon terminal |
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The insulating envelope of myelin that surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon and that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses
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Myelin sheath |
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ethical implications of the Milgram experiment |
long lasting psychological effects extremely stressful to participants |
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cells have a limited life-span may be due to shortening telomeres |
Hayflick Limit |
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unstable compounds that can damage cells, tissue |
Free radical theory |
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is a purified toxin that smoothes the muscles by blocking nerve impulses by blocking the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the chemical that causes muscles to contract
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BOTOX® Cosmetic
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what percentage of individuals under the age of 30 have had botox |
30% |
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lens loses its ability to focus on objects that are near |
Presbyopia |
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light isnt allowed to travel through the retina as well as a normal eye. |
Cataracts |
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Degeneration of central vision, due to photoreceptor death Leading cause of untreatable blindness; treatments under development but none available now. |
AMD=age related macular degeneration.
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increased pressure on the optic nerve |
Glaucoma |
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Medication & Older Adults
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55% do not follow medication regimen1
25% don’t fill new prescriptions2 39% unable to read prescription label3 67% don’t fully understand information regarding medication given to them3 |
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Medication Non-adherence accounts for:
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>10% of older adult hospital admissions1~
25% of nursing home admissions2 20% of preventable adverse drug events among older persons in community setting3 125,000 deaths annually4$100 billion in health care costs each year1 |
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hypothesis holds that if the age at the onset of the first chronic infirmity can be postponed more rapidly than the age of death, then the lifetime illness burden may be compressed into a shorter period of time nearer to the age of death
deaths concentrated in short region of lifespan at biological limit |
compression of mortality
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Working MemoryThree-Component Model
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phonological loop
central executive visuospatial sketchpad |
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Recalling information from a specific event or timeExample: Remembering a Hawaiian vacation
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Episodic memory
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Theory that memories gradually fade and deteriorate over time
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Decay theory |
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Levels-of-Processing Theory
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Deep processing (meaning)
Shallow processing (superficial |
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the capacity for a person to act purposefully to think rationally and deal effectively with their enviornment
the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his/her enviornment |
weschler view of intelligence
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knowledge over time
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crystallized knowledge
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speed of response
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fluid intelligence
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participants who declined in inductive reasoning had significantly more illness diagnoses and visits to physicians for cardiovascular disease
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The participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Study
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Why Does Intelligence Decline? |
higher education = slower rate of decline complex environment = slower rate of decline retirement from simple jobs = less decline retirement from complex jobs = increased decline lengthy marriage to a well-educated spouse = less decline
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These are individuals who have strongly trained abilitiesThey build up a wealth of knowledge that allows them to skip steps that non-experts cannot
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Expertise
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Expert knowledge in the fundamental pragmatics of life
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Wisdom
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an expert remains preserved, despite overall decline
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encapsulation
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Key characteristics that promote the development of wisdom |
older age training and expertise well structured experience good mentoring |
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Solution to a problem of significance to a society that is unusual, ingenious, and relevant
Hard to measure |
Creativity
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the ability to find many different answers
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Divergent thinking
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relates to test with a single answer
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convergent thinking
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Unique and relatively consistent way of feeling, thinking, and behaving
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Personality
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deliberationself-disciplineachievement striving dutifulness order CompetenceHigh C people are hard-working, ambitious, energetic and perseveringLow C people can be lazy, careless, late and aimless
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Conscientiousness
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trust straightforwardness altruism compliance modesty tender-mindednessAntagonistic people are skeptical, mistrustful, unsympatheticthey may manifest overt hostilitythey can be skillful manipulators or aggressive go-getters with little patience
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Agreeableness-Antagonism
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fantasy aesthetics feelings actions ideas Valuesopen people tend to be more liberal in their valuesHigh O people may be in occupations that value theoretical and/or philosophical thinking
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Openness to Experience
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warmthgregariousness assertiveness activity excitement seeking positive emotionshigh E people often work in people oriented jobs (e.g., social workers)low E people are more task oriented (e.g., architects
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Extraversion
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Anxietyhostilityself-consciousnessdepressionimpulsivenessVulnerabilityhigh N typically results in violent and negative emotionsthis interferes with the ability to handle problems or deal with others
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Neuroticism
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future expectations or a game plan for one’s life (related to age norms)Whitbourne’s Identity Theory
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scenario
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A personal narrative history that organizes past events into a coherent sequence Whitbourne’s Identity Theory
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lifestory
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basic trust versus mistrust
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infancy
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autonomy vs shame and doubt
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early childhood
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initiative vs guilt
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play age
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industry vs inferiority
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school age
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identity vs identity confusion
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adolescence
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intimacy vs stagnation
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young adulthood
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generativity vs stagnation
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adulthood
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integrity vs despair
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old age
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Main symptomsTotal erosion of the person and the selfRefers to a variety of syndromesDifficulties with instrumental, later basic ADLs
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Dementia
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Disorientation to time and place Inappropriate behavior
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Moderate Stage Dementia
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Most common form of dementia Rapid cell death hippocampus
Cognitive/behavioral deteriorationMay be present in combination with other dementing illnesses |
Alzheimer’s disease
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is rareAffects people aged 30 to 60
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Early-onset AD
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Multiple Cognitive Deficits 1. Memory Impairment 2. Other Cognitive ImpairmentB. Behavioral deficits interfere with normal lifeCourse Shows Gradual Onset and DeclineDeficits are not due to: 1. Other CNS Conditions 2. Substance Induced Conditions 3. Depression
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DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria For AD
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Affects people over age 65apolipoprotein E (ApoE
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Late-onset AD is more common
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Memory is severely impaired Disorientation to person Increased agitation or paranoia
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Late Stage Dementia
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Both positive and negative emotions increase in
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old age
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is less common
RareLess often identified |
Major depression
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is more common
Less rate Poor outcomes |
Minor depression
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Highest in young adulthood and old-old age
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Follow a u-shape trajectory
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Three broad themes underlie adult friendships:
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Affective or emotional basis
Shared or communal nature Sociability and compatibility |
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Only includes intimacy and commitment but not passion
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Companionate Love
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Type of love that includes passion, intimacy, and commitment
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Consummate Love
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There are health and longevity consequences from staying single for
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men but not for women
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Sexual desire
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Passion
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Knowing the person Empathy
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Intimacy
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Parent-child tensions are common and are the result of discrepancies in developmental needs that vary by generation, gender, and age
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Developmental schism hypothesis
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is more common among women because they tend to marry older men Men are more likely to die soon after their spouse
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Widowhood
More than half of women over 65 are widows, but only 15% of same-aged men are widowers |
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AgeEducational levelEthnic GroupReligionSocioeconomic Status
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Factors Influencing Divorce
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• Marital satisfaction over time
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Marital satisfaction is U-shaped
The Early YearsMarriage at Midlife, effect of children Older Couples |
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•How did the nature of work change? |
Traditional stable career is now atypical. Flexibility Work from home Job security Income equality |
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As the nature of work has changed, so has the work force.
The median age of the work force has |
has increased steadily.
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• What contributes most to long life according to older adults (hint: last slide)
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Supportive friends and family strong religious and spiritual beliefs |
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individuals enjoy physical labor and working with their hands |
realisitic |
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individuals are task oriented and enjoy thinking about abstract relations |
investigative |
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individuals are skilled verbally and inter-personally |
social |
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individuals have verbal and quantitative skills that they like to apply to structured well defined tasks |
conventional |
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individuals enjoy their verbal skills in positions of power |
enterprising |
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individuals enjoy expressing themselves through unstructured tasks |
artistic |
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An approach to assisting dying people that emphasizes pain management (palliative care) and death with dignity
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Hospice
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argues that people go through a series of 5 stages—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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Kubler-RossStage Theory of Dying
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the deliberate ending of a lifeKevorkian—obvious and extreme example of dangersself or assisted suicideIllegal to provide euthanasia in every state
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Active Euthanasia
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withholding treatment (resuscitation)withholding nourishmentMost law and ethics views (blank) as different than active and acceptable under proper circumstances |
Passive Euthanasia |
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Few or no age-related declinesImplies that it is possible to reach advanced age relatively free of age-associated disease and functionally intactParadigm shift, but number of persons experiencing successful aging is small
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according to Rowe & Kahn, according to Vaillant
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Vaillant (2002) proposes three criteria related to health:
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No physical disability at age 75
Good subjective health Length of undisabled life |
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Successful aging requires that people:Have the resources to live a healthy lifeHave access to health careHave life experiences that support individual decision makingNegativesPoverty, widowhood, differential social expectations based on gender influence
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the selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) model
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