Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
anxiety
|
apprehension about a future threat
|
|
|
fear
|
response to an immediate threat
|
|
|
what's same about anxiety & fear
|
both involve physiological arousal & can be adaptive
|
|
|
what does fear trigger
|
fight or flight
|
|
|
what does anxiety increase
|
preparedness-moderate levels improve performances
|
|
|
what is the overarching theme in the treatment of anxiety disorders
|
"go to the heart of danger...for there you will find safety"- EXPOSURE!!!!!
|
|
|
treatment for specific phobias
|
desensitization- gradual exposure to the feared situation, repeated exposure to feared situation, use of relaxation as a coping skill
|
|
|
what is the most common anxiety disorder, explain
|
social anxiety-impairment in romantic and other social relationships, career, and education.
|
|
|
cognitive theories of social anxiety
|
-fears of negative evaluation & rejection
-overly concerned with other ppl's perceptions -social situations as threatening |
|
|
minority group members in social interactions
|
-expectations of rejections quite prominent
-hyper-vigilance & alertness -more mindful & preoccupied |
|
|
gay male socialization
|
-societal discrimination
-peer & family rejection -victimization |
|
|
what is the hypothesis about social anxiety in gay males
|
higher social anxiety in:
-gay men (vs. heterosexual men) -gay men in certain situations in which their sexual orientation is made silent -gay men who are less open -gay men who are less comfortable being gay |
|
|
who were the participants in the gay male study
|
-87 heterosexual undergrads
-87 gay undergrads |
|
|
seven situations of anxiety in gay males
|
1.gym
2.conversation about sex w/women 3.family asks about dating status 4.discussing sports 5.female flirts w/u 6.physician asks about sex w/men 7.gay professor makes eye contact w/u |
|
|
conclusion of study about anxiety in gay males
|
-past research historically used to pathologize sexual minority individuals
-not the case today -utility of a minority stress approach |
|
|
treatment of social anxiety disorder/social phobia
|
-cognitive restructuring
-exposure to the social situation |
|
|
cognitive-behavior model of OCD
|
-stress leads to obsessions
-obsessions lead to anxiety -anxiety leads to compulsions -compulsions lead to decreased anxiety (temporarily) |
|
|
treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder
|
-exposure to the situation eliciting compulsion
-prevention of compulsive behavior |
|
|
treatment of panic & agoraphobia
|
-relaxation & breathing retraining
-cognitive restructuring -repeated, gradual exposure to the feared situation |
|
|
what is general anxiety disorder (GAD)
|
-excessive worry and anxiety for at least 3 months
-difficulty in controlling worry -significant distress & impairment |
|
|
describe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
|
-survivor of traumatic event
-heightened arousal (keyed up, tense, hyper vigilant) -flashbacks -avoidance of situations similar to traumatic event -impaired functioning |
|
|
treatment of post-traumatic stress disrder
|
-imaginal exposure to traumatic event
-cognitive restructuring |
|
|
diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder
|
sad mood or loss of pleasure for 2 weeks, along with at least 4 other symptoms
|
|
|
diasgnostic criteria for dysthymic disorder
|
mood is down and other symptoms are present at least 50 percent of the time for at least 2 years
|
|
|
diagnostic criteria for bipolar I disorder
|
at least one lifetime manic or mixed episode
|
|
|
diagnostic criteria for bipolar II disorder
|
at least one lifetime episode of hypomania and episodes of major depression
|
|
|
diagnostic criteria of cyclothymic disorder
|
recurrent mood changes from high to low, without hypomanic or manic episodes for at least 2 years
|
|
|
occurance of depression in women & men
|
twice as common in women than men
|
|
|
occurance of MDD in poor
|
3x as common among the poor
|
|
|
is there symptom variation of depression across cultures
|
YES
|
|
|
depression symptoms in latino cultures
|
complaints of nerves & headaches
|
|
|
depression symptoms in Asian cultures
|
complaints of weakness & fatigue
|
|
|
is there symptom variation of depression across life span
|
YES
|
|
|
depression symptoms in children
|
stomach & headaches
|
|
|
depression symptoms in older adults
|
distractibility & forgetfulness
|
|
|
psychological origins of depression
(research on children of depressed mothers) |
-parental stress & symptoms affect the attachment relationship
-children have stressors, but no support from parent -parent & child engage in negative interactions -children develop negative sense of self -children create depressogenic environment |
|
|
negative cognitive triad (Beck)
|
-negative thoughts about the self, world, and future
|
|
|
negative explanatory style (Seligman)
|
attributions that are global (the world is a terrible place), stable (nothing will ever get better), internal(it's all my fault)
|
|
|
cognitive-behavioral formulation of depression
|
patients do not view themselves as being able to do anything to make an impact on their environment
|
|
|
types of intervention for depression
|
1.cognitive intervention
2.behavioral intervention 3.environmental intervention |
|
|
psychological treatment of depression
|
-cognitive restructuring
-facilitating effective behavior -changing environmental situation |
|
|
symptoms of Mania (DIGFAST)
|
Distractibility
Indiscretion (excessive pleasurable activities) Grandiosity (flight of ideas, inc activity, little sleep) Flight of ideas Activity increase Sleep deficit Talkativeness (pressured speech) |
|
|
eating disorders DSM-IV-TR
|
-anorexia nervosa
-bulimia nervosa -binge eating disorder -eating disorder NOS |
|
|
anorexia nervosa symptoms
|
-persistent refusal to maintain normal body weight
-intense fear of gaining weight -body image disturbance -amenorrhea (no menstrual period) |
|
|
subtypes of anorexia nervosa
|
-restrictive (dieting, fasting, excessive exercise)
-binge-eating/purging |
|
|
percentage of anorexia nervosa cases in females
|
more than 90%
|
|
|
age of onset for anorexia nervosa
|
mide to late adolescense
|
|
|
prognosis of anorexia nervosa
|
50-70% recover
|
|
|
mortality of anorexia nervosa
|
3-5%
|
|
|
symptoms for bulimia nervosa
|
-recurrent episodes of binge eating
-inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain -self evaluation excessively influences by body shape & weight -usually occurs in secrecy -lack of control -typically within normal weight range |
|
|
triggers for bulimia nervosa
|
dysphoric mood states, interpersonal stressors, intense hunger following restraint, or feelings related to body image
|
|
|
subtypes of bulimia nervosa
|
purging & nonpurging
|
|
|
percent of bulimia nervosa cases that are female
|
more than 90%
|
|
|
lifetime prevalence of bulimia nervosa
|
1-3%
|
|
|
age of onset for bulimia nervosa
|
late adolesence to early adulthood
|
|
|
prognosis of bulimia nervosa
|
50-70% recover
|
|
|
binge eating disorder (DSM-5)
|
-recurrent eating binges
-absence of compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain -linked to obesity -affects men & women equally |
|
|
age of onset for binge eating disorder
|
early to middle adulthood
|
|
|
comorbidity of anorexia nervosa with any DSM-IV disorder
|
56.2%
|
|
|
comorbidity of anorexia nervosa with mood disorder
|
42.1%
|
|
|
comorbidity of anorexia nervosa with anxiety disorder
|
47.9%
|
|
|
comorbidity of anorexia nervosa with substance use disorder
|
27%
|
|
|
comorbidity of bulimia nervosa with any DSM-IV disorder
|
94.5%
|
|
|
comorbidity of bulimia nervosa with mood disorder
|
70.7%
|
|
|
comorbidity of bulimia nervosa with anxiety disorder
|
80.6%
|
|
|
comorbidity of bulimia nervosa with substance use disorder
|
36.8%
|
|
|
comorbidity of binge eating disorder with any DSM-IV disorder
|
78.9%
|
|
|
comorbidity of binge eating disorder with mood disorder
|
46.4%
|
|
|
comorbidity of binge eating disorder with anxiety disorder
|
65.1%
|
|
|
comorbidity of binge eating disorder with substance use disorder
|
23.3%
|
|
|
genetic factors of eating disorders
|
-relatives of women with AN are 10x more likely to have AN
-relatives of women with BN are 4x more likely to have BN |
|
|
neurological factors of eating disorders
|
-abnormal levels of cortisol
-inc levels of endogenous opioids -low levels of serotonin metabolites |
|
|
sociocultural factors of eating disorders
|
-ever increasing thinness of female icons
-prevalence of obesity -inc in health consciousness in general -proccupation with thinness -objectification of women's bodies -culture,ethnicity, SES |
|
|
personality of anorexic nervosa ppl
|
perfectionistic
|
|
|
personality of bulimia nervosa ppl
|
affective instability
|
|
|
family of ppl with eating disorders
|
-higher levels of family conflict
-higher rates of childhood physical and sexual abuse |
|
|
psychodynamic theory of eating disorders
|
-ED is an attempt to gain control in a chaotic environment
-ED is a way to maintain childhood by avoiding the "typical" female shape |
|
|
cognitive behavioral theory of EDs
|
-anxiety about becoming fat
-perfectionist tendencies and social comparison -criticism from friends & family -perception that controlling wt. will make up for deficits in other areas of life -excessive restraint |
|
|
treatment for EDs (medication)
|
-antidepressants
-comorbidity w/depression -serotonin -decreases distorted attitudes towards eating -especially helpful with BN |
|
|
treatment for EDs (psychotherapy)
|
-family therapy
-cognitive behavioral therapy |
|
|
describe cognitive behavioral therapy
|
-encourage clients to question society's standards for physical attractiveness
-develop normal eating patterns -challenge unrealistic thoughts about self -relaxation to control urge to vomit -identify triggers and learn to cope with them -exposure and ritual prevention |
