Psych Final

Front 1

passionate love

Back 1

experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

quickly reaches peak and begins to diminish with a few months

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companionate love

Back 2

experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being

tends to start slowly but need never stop growing

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social exchange

Back 3

hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable cost-benefit ratio

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comparison level

Back 4

cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

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social influence

Back 5

ability to control another person's behavior

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normative influence

Back 6

phenomenon that occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate

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door-in-the-face technique

Back 7

strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior (start out with big ask, get turned down, then go for small ask - more people will agree than they would have if you'd started out with the small task, since they want to reciprocate you making a concession)

Front 8

attitude

Back 8

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event (apples taste good)

Front 9

belief

Back 9

an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event (apples are in the fridge)

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informational influence

Back 10

when a person's behavior provides information about what is good or right

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systematic persuasion

Back 11

process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason (more likely to work when people are really motivated - it affects them a lot, or about a really expensive object)

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heuristic persuasion

Back 12

process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion (more likely to work if the thing in question isn't super important to you)

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foot-in-the-door technique

Back 13

small request followed by big request, designed to make you feel cognitive dissonance if you don't do the second bigger request

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cognitive dissonance

Back 14

unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs

Front 15

social cognition

Back 15

processes by which people come to understand others

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perceptual confirmation

Back 16

when observers perceive what they expect to perceive

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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tendency for people to cause what they expect to see

Front 18

subtyping

Back 18

tendency for people who are faced with disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them

Front 19

situational attribution

Back 19

deciding a person's behavior was due to their environment/situation

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dispositional attributions

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decide that a person's behavior was due to their tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way

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fundamental attribution error

Back 21

tendency to make situational attributions for yourself and dispositional attributions for others

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medical model

Back 22

concept of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

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phobic disorders

Back 23

disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

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specific phobia

Back 24

disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function

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social phobia

Back 25

disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Front 26

preparedness theory

Back 26

idea that people are instinctively predisposed to certain fears

Front 27

major depressive disorder

Back 27

disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that leasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances

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dysthymia

Back 28

disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years

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double depression

Back 29

a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression

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seasonal affective disorder

Back 30

depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Front 31

helplessness theory

Back 31

idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (their own fault), stable (unlikely to change) and global (widespread)

Front 32

bipolar disorder

Back 32

unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood and low mood

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dissociative disorder

Back 33

condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years

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dissociative identity disorder

Back 34

presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior

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dissociative amnesia

Back 35

sudden loss of memory for significant personal information

Front 36

dissociative fugue

Back 36

sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity

Front 37

schizophrenia

Back 37

disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation and behavior

Front 38

deluson

Back 38

a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality

Front 39

hallucination

Back 39

false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

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disorganized speech

Back 40

severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic

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grossly disorganized behavior

Back 41

behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

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catatonic behavior

Back 42

marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity

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negative symptoms

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emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence of insufficiency of normal behavior, motivations, and emotion

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dopamine hypothesis

Back 44

idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

this hypothesis is generally considered to be inadequate

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personality disorder

Back 45

disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

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antisocial personality disorder

Back 46

pervasive pattern and disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood

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classical conditioning

Back 47

when a neutral stimulus producing a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

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unconditioned stimulus (US)

Back 48

something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

Front 49

unconditioned response (UR)

Back 49

reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 50

stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

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conditioned response (CR)

Back 51

reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

Front 52

second-order conditioning

Back 52

conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure where it was used as a CS

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extinction

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the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented

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spontaneous recovery

Back 54

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Front 55

generalization

Back 55

process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

Front 56

discrimination

Back 56

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

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delay conditioning

Back 57

CS is followed immediately by US, and overlap in time, and then end at same time. then after conditioning has occurred, CS alone elicits response. works on healthy patients and amnesiac patients

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trace condition

Back 58

CS and US have a time interval between them. doesn't work on amnesiac patients

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biological preparedness

Back 59

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

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operant conditioning

Back 60

type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

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law of effect

Back 61

principle that behaviors that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

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operant behavior

Back 62

behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

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reinforcer

Back 63

stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

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punisher

Back 64

stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

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positive

Back 65

situations in which a (good or bad) stimulus is presented

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negative

Back 66

situations in which a (good or bad) stimulus is taken away

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overjustification effect

Back 67

external rewards undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

Front 68

intermittent reinforcement effect

Back 68

the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

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shaping

Back 69

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

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latent learning

Back 70

a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

Front 71

cognitive map

Back 71

mental representation of the physical features of the environment

Front 72

neural pleasure centers

Back 72

nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and hypothalamus

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observational learning

Back 73

condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others

mirror-neuron system activated during observational learning

Front 74

diffusion chain

Back 74

process where individuals originally learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior

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implicit learning

Back 75

learning that takes place largely without awareness of the process or the products of information acquisition

implicit learning unrelated to IQ

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habituation

Back 76

general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in response

Front 77

eclectic psychotherapy

Back 77

treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem

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psychodynamic therapies

Back 78

general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems

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resistance

Back 79

reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unconscious material

Front 80

transference

Back 80

event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies

Front 81

interpersonal psychotherapy

Back 81

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships

Front 82

behavior therapy

Back 82

type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

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token economy

Back 83

form of behavior therapy in which clients are given tokens for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards

Front 84

exposure therapy

Back 84

approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Front 85

systematic desensitization

Back 85

procedure in which a client relaxes all the muscles of his or her body while imagining being in increasingly frightening situations

Front 86

cognitive therapy

Back 86

form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

Front 87

cognitive restructuring

Back 87

therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

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mindfulness meditation

Back 88

form of cognitive therapy that teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment; to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings and sensations; and to detect symptoms before they become a problem

Front 89

CBT

Back 89

a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies

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person-centered therapy

Back 90

approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist

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gestalt therapy

Back 91

existentialist approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them

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group therapy

Back 92

therapy in which multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere

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antipsychotic drugs

Back 93

medications used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

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psychopharmacology

Back 94

study of drug effects on pyschological states and symptoms

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electroconvulsive therapy

Back 95

treatment that involves inducing a mild seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain

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transcranial magnetic stimulation

Back 96

treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

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phototherapy

Back 97

therapy that involves repeated exposure to bright light (good for SAD)

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psychosurgery

Back 98

surgical destruction of specific brain areas (only used in extreme cases where other options have been exhausted)

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iatrogenic illness

Back 99

disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or