Psych Exam Ch. 4-7

Front 1

developmental psych

Back 1

the scientific study of biological, cognitive, social and personality development across the lifespan

Front 2

o Longitudinal studies

Back 2

Same people, at different times

Front 3

o Cross-sectional studies

Back 3

different people, at the same time

Front 4

• Teratogens

Back 4

chemicals, drugs, diseases, or living conditions that impair normal prenatal development

Front 5

• Assimilation

Back 5

o Interpreting new events in terms of what you already know (existing schema)

Hint 5

- assimilation
- accommodation

Front 6

• Accommodation

Back 6

o Altering your beliefs based on events (revising schema)

Hint 6

- assimilation
- accommodation

Front 7

o Zone of Proximal Development (ZOPD)

Back 7

the area in which a person can develop; the actual difference between their current (actual) ability level and the level they could potentially reach with help

Front 8

o Scaffolding

Back 8

a style of teaching in which just enough support id given for a child to complete a task

Front 9

secure attachment

Back 9

• Child explores freely when mother present
• Distressed when she leaves
• Smiles/turns toward mother when she returns

Hint 9

attachment style

Front 10

insecure-ambivalent attachment

Back 10

• Child clingy/dependent on mother closeness
• Highly distressed when she leaves
• May cling to or reject mother upon her return

Hint 10

attachment style

Front 11

o Insecure-avoidant attachment

Back 11

• Exploration normal in mother’s presence
• Shows little distress when she leaves
• Avoids/rejects mother when she returns

Hint 11

attachment style

Front 12

• Authoritarian

Back 12

value obedience and exert lots of control, punishment. Reasons typically not given

Hint 12

parenting style

Front 13

• Authoritative

Back 13

controls, but gives reasons and explains why

Hint 13

parenting style

Front 14

• Permissive (indulgent)

Back 14

most tolerant, least likely to use discipline

Hint 14

parenting style

Front 15

• Indifferent/uninvolved

Back 15

parents basically ignore the kids

Hint 15

parenting style

Front 16

• Classical Conditioning

Back 16

the process of learning on which one stimulus (CS) is associated with another stimulus (UCS) and produces a new response (UCR before, CR after)

Front 17

unconditioned stimulus

Back 17

a stimulus that elicits an automatic, reflexive response

- food in mouth = salvation

Front 18

unconditioned response

Back 18

the response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

- salvation from food in the mouth

Front 19

Conditioned stimulus

Back 19

A previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus

- tone associated with food

Front 20

conditioned response

Back 20

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus

- salivating from tone

Front 21

• Extinction

Back 21

reduction of a conditioned response that occurs because the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are no longer paired together

- little albert's fear of the white rat diminished after it no longer signaled that unexpected loud noise was coming

Front 22

• Acquisition

Back 22

acquiring the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that later just the unconditioned stimulus will occur

Front 23

operant conditioning

Back 23

learning to associate behaviors with their consequences

Front 24

• Law of effect

Back 24

Any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated; behaviors that result in unsatisfying consequences tend not to be repeated.

Front 25

reinforcers

Back 25

something that follows a behavior and increases the frequency of the behavior

Front 26

• Shaping

Back 26

reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to a desired behavior

Front 27

• Primary reinforcer

Back 27

innately reinforcing since birth

- Ex: food, social contact, water is #1

Front 28

• Secondary reinforcer

Back 28

not innately reinforcing but gains reinforcing properties through learning

o Ex: money, good grades

Front 29

• Positive reinforcement

Back 29

the presentation of a desired stimulus

Front 30

Negative reinforcement

Back 30

the removal of an undesired stimulus

Front 31

punishers

Back 31

something that follows a behavior and decreases the frequency of the behavior

o Being grounded for staying out too late

Front 32

• Positive punishment

Back 32

the presentation of an undesired stimulus

Front 33

• Negative punishment

Back 33

the removal of a desired stimulus.

Front 34

fixed ratio

Back 34

reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses

Front 35

fixed interval

Back 35

reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time

Front 36

variable ratio

Back 36

reinforcement is given after a random number of responses

Front 37

variable interval

Back 37

reinforcement is given after a random amount of time

Front 38

latent learning

Back 38

learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is incentive to do so

Front 39

observational learning

Back 39

learning by observing others and imitating their behavior

Front 40

• Chunking

Back 40

a well-learned, meaningful unit of info

Front 41

• Explicit memory

Back 41

Memory that requires conscious recall

Front 42

implicit memory

Back 42

memory that does not require conscious recall

Front 43

• Encoding Information

Back 43

• The process of transferring information from one memory stage to the next

Front 44

elaborative rehearsal

Back 44

relating new info to things we already know

Hint 44

type of rehearsal

Front 45

• Maintenance rehearsal

Back 45

a more shallow form of rehearsal, repetitively rehearsing a list

Hint 45

type of rehearsal

Front 46

• Retrieving

Back 46

• The process of bringing info stored in LTM to consciousness (in STM)

Front 47

• Recall

Back 47

a retrieval measure that requires info to be reproduced without can cues

Front 48

• Recognition

Back 48

a retrieve measure that required one to be identified among cues

Front 49

• Misinformation effect

Back 49

occurs when memories are deliberately altered by misleading info

Front 50

• Thinking

Back 50

the processing of information to solve problems and make judgments and decisions

Front 51

• Availably heuristic

Back 51

the strategy of judging the frequency of an event based on how easy it is to bring to mind

Hint 51

heuristic

Front 52

• Representativeness Heuristic

Back 52

a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

Hint 52

heuristic

Front 53

• Base-rate fallacy

Back 53

the tendency to ignore base-rate information

Front 54

• Anchoring and adjustment Heuristic

Back 54

a mental shortcut whereby people use a number or a value as a starting point and then adjust insufficiently from this anchor

Front 55

• Crystalized intelligence

Back 55

a individuals store of knowledge about the nature of the world and learned operations such as arithmetic which can be drawn on in solving problems

--Good for: facts, math problems, well-learned tasks

Hint 55

intelligence

Front 56

• Fluid intelligence

Back 56

the ability to solve novel problems that depend less on stored knowledge than the ability to learn

--Good for: abstract thinking, brain teasers, concept integration, developing new problem solving strategies

Hint 56

intelligence

Front 57

episodic memory

Back 57

personal experiences

Hint 57

memory

Front 58

semantic memory

Back 58

factual knowledge

Hint 58

memory

Front 59

mnemonics

Back 59

tricks for remembering information