Psych Exam 1 (Ch. 7)

Front 1

def of memory

Back 1

the retention of info over time

Front 2

3 systems of memory

Back 2

1. sensory memory
2. short-term mem
3. long term mem

Front 3

how long is our short-term memory and which step in the mem process is it?

Back 3

second step, lasts about 20 seconds

Front 4

def of sensory memory and the 2 types of it

Back 4

def: brief storage of perceptional info before it is passed to short-term memory

iconic mem and echoic mem

Front 5

iconic vs. echoic memory

Back 5

iconic: visual sensory memory
echoic: auditory sensory memory

Front 6

who created the partial report method?

Back 6

george sperling

Front 7

describe the partial report method in terms of Sperlings 12 letter study

Back 7

all letters were held in sensory memory, but decayed rapidly before all of them could be transferred to short-term memory

Front 8

working memory

Back 8

ability to hold on to info we are currently thinking about

Front 9

2 types of memory loss from short-term memory

and describe them

Back 9

1. decay: fading of info from memory over time
2. interference: loss of info from memory because of competition from additional incoming info

Front 10

elaborative vs. maintenance rehearsal

Back 10

elaborative: link o something meaningful or visual
maintenance: repeat something until in memory

Front 11

2 types of interference and describe them

Back 11

1. retroactive: interference with retention of old info due to acquisition of new info
2. proactive: interference with acquisition of new info due to previous learning of info

Front 12

who created "the magic number" and what is it?

Back 12

George miller
the digit span of short-term memory is between 5 and 9, so 7+/- 2 pieces on info is the magic number

Front 13

chunking

def and why is it important

Back 13

def: organizing info into meaningful groups
+: allows us to extend the span of short-term memory

Front 14

levels of processing

Back 14

depth of transforming info, which influences how easily we remember it

Front 15

draw out the diagram of extended long-term memory

Back 15

explicit (semantic and episodic)
long term mem<
implicit (procedural, priming, cond, habituation)

Front 16

long-term memory

Back 16

step 3 in storing info, retention of info stored from minutes to years

Front 17

2 types of long term memory? and describe them

Back 17

1. explicit: memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
2. implicit: memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

Front 18

2 types of explicit memory and describe them

Back 18

1. semantic: our knowledge of events in our lives
2. episodic: recollection of events in our lives

Front 19

another name for explicit memory?

Back 19

declarative memory

Front 20

procedural memory

def and what it is a part of

Back 20

def: memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

part of implicit memory

Front 21

priming

def and what it is a part of

Back 21

def: our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli

part of implicit memory

Front 22

2 stages of memory that we need to know about

Back 22

encoding and retrieval

Front 23

encoding

Back 23

process of getting info into our memory banks

Front 24

mnemonics

Back 24

strategy or device that enhances recall

Front 25

retrieval

Back 25

reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

Front 26

difference between recall and recognition and an example

Back 26

recall: generating previously remembered info on our own
recognition: selecting info from an array of options

recall= essay questions, recognition= multiple choice questions

Front 27

relearning

Back 27

reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time

Front 28

depth of processing

Back 28

the more deeply we process info the better we tend to remember it

Front 29

distributed vs massed practice

Back 29

small increment over time studying (distribution) vs cramming (massed practice)

Front 30

context dependent learning

Back 30

remembering things because you are in the same context or place

Front 31

state-dependent learning

Back 31

remembering because you are in the same state of mind

Front 32

long term potentiation (LTP)

Back 32

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

Front 33

how is the hippocampus used in LTP experiments?

Back 33

thin slices of animal hippocampus are stimulated slightly (like someone asking us a question) and strongly (like someone yelling at us) and it responds differently

Front 34

what are the 2 types of amnesia? describe them

Back 34

retrograde amnesia: loss of memories from our past
anterograde amnesia: inability to encode new memories form our experiences

Front 35

T/F people suffering with Alzheimer's lose synapses and cells

Back 35

true, loss of synapses and death of cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex are common in patients

Front 36

most common treatment for alzheimer's today...

Back 36

drugs that boost the amount of acetylcholine in the brain by inhibiting its breakdown

Front 37

meta-memory

Back 37

knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

Front 38

flashbulb memory

example

Back 38

emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed

what you were doing when you found out about 911

Front 39

misinformation effect

Back 39

creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading info about an event after it takes place

Front 40

7 sins of memory

Back 40

1. suggestibility 2. misattribution 3. bias 4. transience 5. persistence 6. blocking 7. absentmindedness

Front 41

left hemisphere is associated with what type of memory?


right hemisphere?

Back 41

left: encoding

right: retrieval

Front 42

difference between short-term and working memory

Back 42

working memory can manage multiple types of info simultaneously, short-term memory cannot

Front 43

Most people tend to demonstrate the primacy effect when memorizing a list of items. This means they are best able to remember words that are ______ the list.

Back 43

first on

Front 44

the final process of memory is

Back 44

retrieval

Front 45

T/F Memories distribute themselves throughout many areas of the prefrontal cortex.

Back 45

trueeee

Front 46

the levels of processing model of memory identifies 3 levels, what are they?

Back 46

visual, semantic, and phonological

Front 47

Some psychologists have criticized the ________________ as largely unfalsifiable because it’s virtually impossible to determine how much we’ve processed a memory in the first place. This means that we could never independently test the claim that more deeply processed memories are better remembered

Back 47

levels-of-processing model

Front 48

Tyler directs a choir of singers who do not read music. To learn their parts, they sing the music over and over until it becomes familiar. A psychologist would say Tyler’s choir uses __________ processing

Back 48

phonological

Front 49

watching tv we experience this type of memories, last for only a second and then are gone forever

Back 49

iconic

Front 50

Caitlin was asked to remember the last time she walked along a beach. As she did this, she remembered looking out at the water and seeing the people on the beach around her, with the view of her surroundings changing as she walked along. Caitlin’s recollection would be best described as a (n) ________ memory

Back 50

field

Front 51

When students taking the SAT were given pills they believed to be either Ritalin or a dummy pill, what happened?

Back 51

The “Ritalin” students reported better mental functioning and attention, but their scores were no better than those of the “dummy” students.