Psych Exam 3

Front 1

Personality

Back 1

A person’s internally based characteristic way of acting and thinking.

Front 2

Conscious Mind

Back 2

Freud’s term for what you are presently aware of.

Front 3

Preconscious Mind

Back 3

Freud’s term for what is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can access.

Front 4

Unconscious Mind

Back 4

Freud’s term of the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of.

Front 5

Id

Back 5

The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind.

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Pleasure Principle

Back 6

The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences.

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Ego

Back 7

The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the id’s instinctual drive.

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Reality Principle

Back 8

The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality.

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Superego

Back 9

The part of the personality that represents one’s conscience and idealized standards of behavior.

Front 10

Defense Mechanism

Back 10

A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety.

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Erogeneous zone

Back 11

The area of the body where the id’s pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.

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Fixation

Back 12

Some of the id’s pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual stage due to excessive gratification or frustration of instinctual needs.

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Oral Stage of Psychosexual development

Back 13

The first stage of Freud’s theory ( birth to 18 months), in which the erogeneous zones are the mouth, lips, tongue, and the child derives pleasure from oral activities such as sucking biting and chewing.

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Anal Stage of Psychosexual development

Back 14

The second stage of Freud’s theory( 18 months to 3 years), in which the erogenous zone is the anus, and the child derives pleasure from the stimulation of the anal region through having and withholding bowel movements.

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Phallic Stage of Psychosexual development

Back 15

The third stage in Freud’s theory (3 to 6), in which the erogeneous zone is located at the genitals, and the child derives pleasure from genital stimulation.

Front 16

Oedipus Conflict

Back 16

A phallic stage conflict for a boy in which the boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and dears his father will find out and castrate him.

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Identification

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The process by which children adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parents and learn their gender role and sense of mortality.

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Latency Stage of psychosexual development

Back 18

The fourth stage in Freud’s theory(from 6 to puberty) in which there is no erogeneous zone, sexual feelings are repressed, and the focus is on cognitive and social development.

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Genital Stage of Psychosexual development

Back 19

The fifth stage in Freud’s theory (from puberty through adulthood) in which the erogenous zone is at the genitals and the child develops sexual relationships, moving toward intimate adult sexual relationships.

Front 20

Hierachy of needs

Back 20

The motivational component in Maslow’s theory of personality in which our innate needs motivate our behavior are hierarchically arranged in a pyramid shape. (From top to bottom, physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, self-actualization)

Front 21

Self-Actualization

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The fullest realization of a person’s potential.

Front 22

Conditions of Worth

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The behaviors and attitudes for which other people starting with our parents will give us positive regard.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by others.

Front 24

Self-system

Back 24

The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates and regulates her behavior.

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Self-efficacy

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A judgment of one’s effectiveness in dealing with particular situations.

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External locus of control

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The perception that chance or external forces beyond you r personal control determine your fate.

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Internal Locus of Control

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The perception that you control your own fate.

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Learned Helplessness

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A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is unable to present aversive events.

Front 29

Attribution

Back 29

The process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others.

Front 30

Self-serving Bias

Back 30

The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably. (If outcome is positive we take credit for it)

Front 31

traits

Back 31

The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person.

Front 32

Personality inventory

Back 32

An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to her or not.

Front 33

Projective Test

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A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perceptions of the stimuli.

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Social Psychology

Back 34

The scientific study of how we influence one another’s behavior.

Front 35

Conformity

Back 35

A change in behavior, belief, or both to conform to a group norm as a result of real or imagined group pressure.

Front 36

Informational social influence

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Influence stemming from the need for information in situations in which the correct action or judgment is uncertain.

Front 37

Normative Social Influence

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– Influence stemming from our desire to gain the approval and to avoid the disapproval of others.

Front 38

Compliance

Back 38

Acting in accordance with a direct request from another person or group.

Front 39

Foot-in-the-door technique

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Compliance to a large request is gained by preceding it with a very small request. (People were more likely to donate to cancer after wearing a pin publicizing it than those who didn’t.)

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Door-in-the-face technique

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Compliance is gained by starting with a large, unreasonable request that is turned down and following it with a more reasonable smaller request (Friend asks you to watch dog for a month, you refuse. He asks you to watch it over the weekend, you agree.)

Front 41

Low-ball technique

Back 41

Compliance to a costly request is gained by first getting compliance to an attractive, less costly request but then reneging on it. (You’re buying a car, salesperson gives you good deal, you want to buy it, boss doesn’t agree to deal salesperson gave, you still buy the car.)

Front 42

That’s-not-all technique

Back 42

Compliance to a planned second request with additional benefits is gained by presenting this request before a response can be made to a first request. (Infomercial “that’s not all”)

Front 43

Obedience

Back 43

Following the commands of a person in authority.

Front 44

Social Facilitation

Back 44

Facilitation of a dominant response on a task due to social arousal, leading to improvement on simple or well-learned tasks and worse performance on complex or unlearned tasks when other people are present.

Front 45

Social loafing

Back 45

The tendency to exert less effort when working in a group toward a common goal that when individually working toward a goal.(School projects)

Front 46

Diffusion of responsibility

Back 46

The lessening of individual responsibility for a task when responsibility for the task is spread across the members of a group.

Front 47

Bystander effect

Back 47

The probability of a person’s helping in an emergency is greater when there are no other bystanders than when there are other bystanders.

Front 48

Deindividuation

Back 48

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity.

Front 49

Group Polarization

Back 49

The strengthening of a group’s prevailing opinion about a topic following group discussion about the topic.

Front 50

Groupthink

Back 50

A mode of group thinking that impairs decision making because the desire for group harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of the possible decision alternatives.

Front 51

Fundamental Attribution error

Back 51

The tendency as an observer to overestimate dispositional influences and underestimate situational influences upon others’ behaviors. (Dropping coffee cup)

Front 52

Just-world hypothesis

Back 52

The assumption that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.

Front 53

Self-fulfilling prophecy

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Our behavior leads a person to act in accordance with our expectations for that person.

Front 54

Actor-observer bias

Back 54

The tendency to overestimate situational influences on our own behavior, but to overestimate dispositional influences on the behavior of others.

Front 55

Self-serving Bias

Back 55

The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably.

Front 56

False Consensus Effect

Back 56

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and unsuccessful behaviors. (If you like classical music, you tend to overestimate the number of people who like it.)

Front 57

False Uniqueness Effect

Back 57

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and successful behaviors. (If you just aced an exam, you think you are the only one who did.)

Front 58

Attitudes

Back 58

Evaluative reactions (positive or negative) towards objects, events, and other people.

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Cognitive dissonance theory

Back 59

A theory developed by Leon Festinger that assumes people have a tendency to changer their attitudes to reduce the cognitive discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behavior.

Front 60

Self-perception theory

Back 60

– A theory developed by Daryl Bem which assumes that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by examining our behavior and the context in which it occurs.

Front 61

DSM-IV

Back 61

The current version of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic and classification guidelines for mental disorders

Front 62

personality disorder

Back 62

a disorder characterized by inflexible, long-standing personality traits that lead to behavior that impairs social functioning and deviates from cultural norms

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bio-psycho-social approach

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explaining abnormality as the result of the interaction among biological, psychological (behavioral and cognitive), and social or cultural factors.

Front 64

anxiety disorders

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disorders in which excessive anxiety leads to personal distress and atypical, maladaptive, and irrational behavior.

Front 65

specific phobia

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An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable.

Front 66

social phobia

Back 66

an anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of one or more social performance situations in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others.

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agoraphobia

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an anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing.

Front 68

panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent panic attacks.

Front 69

generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person has excessive, global anxiety that she cannot control for a period of at least 6 months.

Front 70

obsessive-compulsive disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are perceived by the person as excessive or unreasonable, but cause significant distress and disruption i the person's daily life.

Front 71

obsession

Back 71

a persistent intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety

Front 72

compulsion

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a repetitive and rigid behavior that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety.

Front 73

mood disorders

Back 73

disorders that involve dramatic changes in a person's emotional mood that are excessive and unwanted.

Front 74

major depressive disorder

Back 74

a mood disorder in which the person has experienced one or more major depressive episodes

Front 75

major depressive episode

Back 75

symptoms of feeling of intense hopelessness, low self esteem and worthlessness, and extreme fatigue, dramatic changes in eating and sleeping behavior, inability to concentrate, and greatly diminished interest in family, friends, and activities for a period of more than 2 weeks.

Front 76

manic episode

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abnormal elevated moods in which the person experiences symptoms such as self inflated self esteem with grandiose delusions, a decreased need for sleep, constant talking, distractibility, restlessness, and poor judgment for a period of at least a week

Front 77

bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder in which recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes occur.

Front 78

psychotic disorder

Back 78

a disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality.

Front 79

hallucination

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a false sensory perception

Front 80

delusion

Back 80

a false belief

Front 81

schizophrenia

Back 81

a psychotic disorder in which at least two of the following symptoms are present more of the time during a 1-month period-- hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms such as loss of emotion.

Front 82

vulnerability-stress model

Back 82

a bio-psycho-social explanation of schizophrenia which proposes that genetic, prenatal, and postnatal biological factors render a person vulnerable to schizophrenia, but environmental stress determines whether it develops or not.

Front 83

biomedical therapy

Back 83

the use of biological interventions, such as drugs, to treat medical disorders.

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psychotherapy

Back 84

the use of psychological interventions to treat mental disorders.

Front 85

lithium

Back 85

a naturally occuring element that is used to treat bipolar disorder.

Front 86

antidepressant drugs

Back 86

drugs used to treat depressive disorders

Front 87

neurogenesis theory of depression

Back 87

an explanation of depression that proposes that neurogenesis, the growth of new neurons, in the hippocampus stops during depression, and when it resumes, the depression lifts.

Front 88

antianxiety drugs

Back 88

drugs used to treat anxiety problems and disorders

Front 89

antipsychotic drugs

Back 89

drugs used to treat psychotic disorders.

Front 90

tardive dyskinesia

Back 90

a side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue

Front 91

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Back 91

a biomedical treatment for severe depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure

Front 92

psychosurgery

Back 92

a biomedical treatment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed

Front 93

lobotomy

Back 93

a type of psychosurgery in which the neuronal connections of the frontal lobes to the lower brain areas are severed.

Front 94

psychoanalysis

Back 94

a style of psycholotherapy originally developed by Freud in which the therapist helps the person gain insight into the unconscious sources of his problems.

Front 95

free association

Back 95

a person spontaneously describes, without editing, all thoughts, feelings or images that come to mind.

Front 96

resistance

Back 96

a person's unwillingness to discuss particular topic during therapy

Front 97

manifest content

Back 97

Freud's term for the literal surface meaning of a dream

Front 98

latent content

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Freud's term for the underlying true meaning of a dream.

Front 99

transference

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a person undergoing therapy acts toward the therapist as she did or does toward important figures in her life, such as her parents

Front 100

client-centered therapy

Back 100

a style of psychotherapy developed by carl rogers in which the therapist uses unconditional positive regard, genuiness, and empathy to help the person to gain insight into his true self concept

Front 101

behavioral therapy

Back 101

a style of psychotherapy in which the therapist uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change the person's behavior from maladaptive to adaptive

Front 102

counterconditioning

Back 102

a type of behavioral therapy in which a maladaptive response is replaced by an incompatible adaptive response

Front 103

systematic desensitization

Back 103

a counterconditioning therapy in which a fear response to an object or situation is replaced with a relaxation response in a series of progressively increasing fear-arousing steps

Front 104

flooding

Back 104

a behavioral therapy in which the person is immediately exposed to the feared object or situation

Front 105

cognitive theory

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a style of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to change the person's thinking from maladaptive to adaptive.

Front 106

rational-emotive therapy

Back 106

a type of cognitive therapy developed by albert ellis in which the therapist directly confronts and challenges the person's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational

Front 107

spontaneous remission

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getting better with the passage of time without receiving any therapy

Front 108

meta-analysis

Back 108

a statistical analysis in which the results of many separate experimental studies are pooled together into one analysis to determine whether there is an overall effect.

Front 109

rational-emotive therapy

Back 109

a type of cognitive therapy developed by albert ellis in which the therapist directly confronts and challenges the person's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational

Front 110

spontaneous remission

Back 110

getting better with the passage of time without receiving any therapy

Front 111

meta-analysis

Back 111

a statistical analysis in which the results of many separate experimental studies are pooled together into one analysis to determine whether there is an overall effect.