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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Self-conscious emotions
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-Pride, embarrassment, guilt, shame
-require understanding of self, ability, and social norms |
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Functions of Embarrassment
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1) Appeasement ("I recognize I did something socially unacceptable and I feel bad about it") (Embarrassment triggers feelings of liking, forgiveness, and trust)
2) Action Control (Don't want to do wrong thing again) 3) Smooth early stages of intimate relationships |
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Psychological Immune System
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-set of automatic functions that return an individual to norm emotional status (recreate events to create subjectively better outcomes)
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Flaws with the Psych Immune System
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1) works on positive as well as negetive
2) we can only make decisions based on the flawed anticipation of emotions 3) doesn't work on situations that are impermanent (may change), but we prefer situations we can change |
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Affective Forecasting
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-Ability to predict what emotions certain situations will cause
-we're good at anticipating the 1) valence and 2) intensity of emotion, but not the 3) *duration* of the emotion |
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Main problem with Evolutionary Psychology
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there's no control group!
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Assumptions of Ev Psych
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-psychological traits can be passed down to later generations
-NOT necessarily leading to conscious decisions |
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Evidence for Need to Belong
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-universal features (so not society)
-is satiable (so need, not desire) -negetive mental+physical consequences of no relationships (wire monkey mothers) -define some of the self |
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Main Categories of Relationship
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-Communal Relationships (obligation and give according to need)
-Exchange Relationships (loiw obligation, give according to social rules/concerns about equity) |
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Reward Theory
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People like those who can provide them with positive exhange
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Equity Theory
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People are motivated to maintain fairness in sharing cost and reward of relationships
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Social Exchange Theory
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-All relationships have costs and rewards
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Assessment of happiness in relationship according to SET
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1) Balance of c+r in relationship
2) Perception of c+r in other potential relationships |
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propinquity
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physical proximity
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functional distance
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architectural tendency to encourage or inhibit interaction
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Attachment Theory
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-early attachment styles formed in childhood shape later relationships
-THE STRANGE SITUATION |
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Stability of Attachment Styles
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-stable within relationships once established
-different styles can be primed and activated |
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Mere Exposure Effect
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-you like things you've seen/experienced before because it's easier to process familiar stimuli
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complementarity
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-people seek out those w/characteristics that are different from but complementary with their own
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reproductive fitness
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-capacity to pass on one's genes to later generations
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intersex attraction/intrasex competition
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desire to appeal desirable to opposite sex/competition with same sex for mates
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triangular theory
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-three main components of love are Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment
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investment model of interpersonal relationship
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three things make people more committed to each other: -investment
-rewards -few alternative partners |
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Four Horsemen of Relationship Apocolypse
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-contempt
-criticism -defensiveness -stonewalling |
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kin selection
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-natural selection favors behaviors that increase chance of survival of genetic relatives
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reciprocity altruism
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-helping with the expectation that others will likely help us later
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erotic plasticity
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-we find people more attractive when we like their personality
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Factors affecting conformity
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EGGS I C U
-Expertise -Group Size -Group Status -Interpretive Context of Disagreement -Culture -cohesiveness -Unanimity |
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Asch Experiment Stats
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-75% of participants conformedat least once
-people conformed on 37% of trials |
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Milgram Stat
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-63% of participants went all the way
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Reason-Based Approaches for Compliance
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Door-in-the-face (Large request then small)
that's-not-All (add something to offer to encourage reciprocity) Foot-in-the-door (small offer everyone accepts, then big one) |
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Emotion-Based Approaches for Compliance
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-Good mood
-favors seem less intrusive -mood management (keep good mood by complying) -Bad mood -negative state relief hypothesis (agreeing to a request to relieve negative feelings |
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prescriptive vs descriptive norms
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how people should act vs perception of how people act
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reactance theory
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people reassert themselves when they feel their freedom is threatened
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genocide
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the extermination of an abstractly defined group of people
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Why does genocide happen?
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-Competition between groups (leads to outgroup bias)
-Availability of resources -Crisis of Identity (linked to high but unstable self-esteem) -Relative deprivation -cognitive misers |
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Traits of victim group:
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-high status
-existing prejudice (already defined and disliked) -competition with ingroup |
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Why does majority act?
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-Group Processes
-Attitudes |
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Group Processes
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Groups share commonly known info
-groupthink (pressure to not speak up) -Institutional support (leaders support) -Minority claims to represent the whole -group polarization (group re-enforces mild opinions and drifts to extremes) |
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Attitudes (why does majority act?)
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-cognitive dissonance (when seeing murder, must either believe murderous neighbor is bad or outgroup is bad)
-Ambiguous Situations (if unsure, assume it's ok) -unwilling to see evil |
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egoistic motives
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motive to help others because of a benefit to the self
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altruistic motives
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helping others with no regard for own self-interest
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Hamilton's Rule
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helping behaviors occur when costs are outweighed by benefits to recipients
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Evolutionary reasons for helping
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-people are more likely to help others with whom they share genetic material (kin selection)
-Social Exchange Theory |
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Empathy
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-key to altruism
-more empathy leads to more helping behaviors |
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Social norms that lead to altruism
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-social responsibility norm (expectation that people help others who are dependent on them, best with UNequal power balance)
-reciprocity norm (expectation that help offered will be returned later, best with equal power balance) |
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5 Key decision points that predict HB
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1) Notice something's wrong
2) Interpret situation as emergency (Bystander Effect and Pluralistic Ignorance) play a role) 3) Assume responsibility? 4) Knowledge to help? 5) Decide to help? (cost analysis) |
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Bystander Effect
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the more people there are, the lower the percentage who help
*diffusion of responsibility* |
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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-everyone looks to the people around them to know how to behave
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Positive Psychology (definition and 3 goals)
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study of strengths and virtues that enable people to thrive
-how to achieve happiness -how happiness contributes to health -how to be "best you can be" |
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what makes people happy?
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-Who you're comparing to
-Expressing gratitude regularly -Flow activities are their own reward -Optimism (which can be learned) (b/c feel in control and have better relationships) |
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3 types of happy lives people try to reach
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the Pleasant Life (savoring existing positives)
the Good Life (applying strengths to life) the Meaningful Life (giving back to things greater than the self) |
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Benefits of Happiness
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-have social rewards
-better work outcomes -better at self-regulation -live longer |
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Hedonic adaptation
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-people return to baseline level of happiness
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What determines happiness (and %)?
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50% set point
10% circumstances 40% intentional activity (daily actions) |
