Psych Exam 3

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personality

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the pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with others.

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psychodynamic approach

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Freud's view that personality is based on the interplay of unconscious mental processes

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id

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the unconscious portion of personality that contains basic impulses and urges

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libido

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the "psychic energy" contained in the id

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pleasure principle

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the id's operating principle which guides people toward whatever feels good

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ego

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the part of the personality that mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego and the real world.

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reality principle

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the operating principle of the ego that creates compromises between the id's demands and those of the real world

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superego

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the component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do

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defense mechanisms

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psychological responses that help protect a person from anxiety and guilt

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psychosexual developement

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periods of personality development in which, according to freud, conflicts focus on particular issues

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trait approach

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the view that personality is a combination of characteristics that people display over time and across situations.

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Gordon Allport

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came up with a "trait theory" after meeting w/ freud and being annoyed with the emphasis he put on unconscious motivators.
studied traits by reviewing words in an english dictionary that had to do with personality, reduced this pool of words into 3 broad categories. central, cardinal, secondary
an issue with his theory: the traits he used came from the english dictionary and may not be applicable to all cultures.
unlike freud's model, allport's model takes into account stability and context-specific aspects of personality

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cardinal, central and secondary traits

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cardinal: only a small amount of people have these, and the dominate the personality of the people who have them
central: traits that are obvious to others and control behavior in many different situations
Secondary: characteristics more specific to certain situations

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James Cattell/factor analysis

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Used "factor analysis" to determine redundant personality traits and to find out which traits are related to one another. reduced personality traits to sixteen factors such as "shy vs. bold". an issue with this theory is that it has never been fully replicated (??)

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five-factor personality model--big five model. (OCEAN)

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a view based on factor-analytic studies suggesting the existence of 5 basic components of human personality: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. there is evidence that this theory is valid across cultures.

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Hans Eysenck--biological trait theory

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used factor analysis to come up with 3 universal bipolar traits--introversion vs extraversion, neuroticism vs. emotional stability and psychoticism vs. self control. eysenck believed that there is a biology to individual differences that can be traced to differences in the nervous system: for example, extroverts have a nervous system that operates below the optimum level of arousal and vice versa for introverts. eysenck's model has actually received a lot of empirical support based on factor analysis.

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Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory

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extroverts are more sensitive to rewards than punishments, opposite for introverts

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social-cognitive approach to personality

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the view that personality reflects learned patterns of thinking and behavior--who we are is a result of what we learn through observation and interaction with others.

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rotter's expectancy theory

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a social-cognitive theory in which your behavior is influenced by what you perceive will be the consequences/results of certain ways in which you can choose to behave.

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self-efficacy

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according to bandura, this is our learned expectations about the probability of success in given situations. if we think we have the potential to do/achieve something, we are more likely to actually be successful at achieving that thing.

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humanistic psychology approach

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the view that personality develops through an actualizing tendency that unfolds in accordance with each person's unique perceptions of the world.
the focus is on studying "healthy" people, not on determining the base motives of sick/disturbed people.
focus is on how people see/perceive the world

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actualizing tendancy

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According to Carl Rogers, an innate inclination toward growth that motivates all people.

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Carl Rogers

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Came up with the idea of the actualizing tendency, which is an inclination toward growth that motivates all people. In his theory, other people have the ability to block one's journey to self actualization

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self-concept

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the way one thinks of oneself

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conditions of worth

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according to Carl Rogers, the feelings an individual experiences when an evaluation is applied to the person rather than to the person's behavior.

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Maslow

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like rogers, thought personality was about the result of human tendency towards growth. thought that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs w/ "self-actualization" at the top. a problem with maslow's theory is that it assumes you have to have all your basic needs met before you can move toward self-actualization. also, this model puts self-esteem high in terms of importance but it can actually negatively impact people and is related to narcissism,

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deficiency motivation

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according to maslow, a preoccupation w/ perceived needs for things a person does not have.

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growth motivation

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according to maslow, a tendency to draw satisfaction from what is available in life, rather than to focus on what is missing.

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projective personality measures

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personality assessments made up of ambiguous stimuli that can be perceived and responded to in many different ways. for example: "draw a house."

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nonprojective personality measures

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paper and pencil tests containing direct, unambiguous itemas relating to the personality of the individual being assessed. ex: "do you like parties?"

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psychopathology

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patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for those with whom they come in contact.

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cormorbidity

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being diagnosed with more than one psychological disorder. these people's issues are usually more severe than people with only one disorder

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ways of defining "abnormal": deviance

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deviant behavior is statistically infrequent--different from the majority and so-called "social norms" which are defined by a majority with power. An issue with calling deviant behavior abnormal is that just because you're in the minority doesn't mean you are abnormal-it depends on the individual. another issue: "social norms" and therefor abnormality, changes all the time. also, being abnormal is really quite normal considering the fact that nearly half of americans will be diagnosed with a psychological disorder at some point in their lives.

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ways of defining "abnormal": distress

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distress is personal suffering. this has issues as well. for one thing, people are sometimes distressed about characteristics that are not actually mental disorders. also, people can have a psych disorder and not be distressed about it, but their behavior may be distressing to others.

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ways of defining "abnormal": dysfunction

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having difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected roles in family, social, and work-related situations. you aren't necessarily abnormal if you are dysfunctional...for example you might be physically sick. also, sometimes you can have a disorder and still be able to function quite well.

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ways of defining "abnormal": danger

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displaying dangerous behavior as part of a psych disorder is the exception rather than the norm. however, people are very likely to be violent toward "abnormal" people. how do we determine whether a person is likely to behave in a violent way? we could go on past violence but that means we have to wait for someone to BE violent before we can say that they are at risk for being violent.

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biopsychosocial approach

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a view of mental disorders as caused by a combination of interaction biological, phsychological and sociocultural factors.

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medical/neurobiological model

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a view in which psychological disorders are seen as reflecting disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain and in other biological processes.

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psychological model

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a view in which mental disorder is seen as arising from psychological processes.

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sociocultural perspective/sociocultural factors

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a way of looking at mental disorders in relation to gender, age, ethnicity and other social and cultural factors/characteristics or conditions that can influence the appearance and form of maladaptive behavior

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diathesis-stress model

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the notion that psychological disorders arise when a predisposition for a disorder combines with sufficient amounts of stress to trigger symptoms.

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anxiety disorder

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a condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are long-standing and disruptive.

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phobia

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an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify such a reaction.

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social phobia

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an anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fears relating to social situations

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agoraphobia

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an anxiety disorder involving strong fear of being alone or away from the security of home

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generalized anxiety disorder

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a condition that involves relatively mild but long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder involving sudden panic attacks

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OCD

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an anxiety disorder involving repetitive thoughtsand urges to perform certain rituals.

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obsessions

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persistent, upsetting and unwanted thought that interfere with daily life and may lead to compulsions

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compulsions

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repetitive behaviors that interefere with daily functioning but are performed in an effort to prevent dangers or events associated with obsesions

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somatoform disorders

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psychological problems in which symptoms of a physical disorder a present without a physical cause

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conversion disorder

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a somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness or other symptoms of sensory motor failure without a physical cause

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dissociative disorders

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rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness or identity.

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fugue reaction

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a dissociative disorder involving sudden loss of memory and possible assumption of a new identity in a new location

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dissociative identity disorder

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a dissociative disorder in which a person reports having more than one identity

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affective disorder

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a condition in which a person experiences extreme moods such as depression or mania

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major depression

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an affective disorder in which a person feels sad or hopeless for weeks or months

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dysthymic disorder

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an affective disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least 2 years.

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bipolar disorders

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affective disorders in which a person alternates between the emotional extremes of depression and mania.

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mania

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an elated, very active emotional state

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cyclothymic personality

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an affective disorder characterized by an alternating pattern of mood swings that is less extreme than that of bipolar disorders.

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schizophrenia

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a severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking, emotion, perception and behavior

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hallucinations

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a symptom of disorder in which people perceive voices or other stimuli when there are no other stimuli present.

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positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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schizophrenic symptoms such as disorganized thoughts, hallucinations and delusions

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negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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schizophrenic symptoms such as absence of pleasure, lack of speech and flat affect.

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personality disorders

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long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that create a variety of problems

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antisocial personality disorder

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a personality disorder involving impulsive, selfish, unscrupulous and even criminal behavior.