Psych Chapter 15

Front 1

Social Psychology

Back 1

a broad field of study that includes how individuals perceive and think about other people, as well as how the presence of other people can influence individuals' behaviors

Front 2

Social Norms

Back 2

the (usually unwritten) guildlines for how to behave in social contexts

Front 3

Social Roles

Back 3

specific sets of behaviors that are associated with a position within a group

Front 4

Mimicry

Back 4

when one person copies another's behavior

Front 5

Chameleon effect

Back 5

when individuals mimic behavior without meaning to or realizing that they are doing it

Front 6

Conformity

Back 6

a change in behavior to fit in with a group

Front 7

Confederates

Back 7

individuals who are working for the experimenter

they have been told ahead of time what to say or do to test a theory

Front 8

Socail loafing

Back 8

occurs when an individual working as a part of a group or team reduces his or her effort

ex "my performance will not make a difference to the group's performance"

Front 9

Social facilitation

Back 9

when an individual's performance is better in the presence of others than when alone

ex. an runner may complete 1 mile in just over 5 minutes by himself but may finally break the 5-minute mark when running with his track teammates

Front 10

Groupthink

Back 10

a decision making problem in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement

does not always promote good decision making

group ignores potential problems

Front 11

Obedience

Back 11

complying with instructions or orders from an individual who is in a position of authority

Front 12

Group polarization

Back 12

when members of a group discuss characteristic attitudes of their group and, as a result, their views becomes stronger

Front 13

Cognitive dissonance

Back 13

occurs when an individual has two thoughts (cognitions) that are inconsistent with each other (dissonance) and, as a result, experiences motivation to reduce the discrepancy

Front 14

denial of responsibility

Back 14

when an individual maintains the same attitude about the action, but changes his belief about his own role in the action,

saying "I had no choice" or "I was forced into it"

Front 15

foot-in-the-door technique

Back 15

involves making a simple request followed by a more substantial request

Front 16

door-in-the-face technique

Back 16

begins with a large request that is likely to be turned down, followed by a smaller request that is likely

Front 17

Central route (to persuasion)

Back 17

when individuals take time, evaluate evidence, and use valid logic and arguments

Front 18

peripheral route (to persuasion)

Back 18

when quick judgments are made based on limited evidence, and emotions and vague impressions are used more than logic

Front 19

Intuitive thought

Back 19

a quick, effortless, automatic thinking

(requires great effort when you try to control it)

Front 20

Deliberative thought

Back 20

is a more careful, effortful and rational process

Front 21

Person perception

Back 21

the process by which individuals form judgments and categorize other people

Front 22

Schemas

Back 22

clusters of knowledge and expectations about individuals and groups

Front 23

Thin slices

Back 23

basing judgment of others on very limited information

Front 24

Self-fulfilling prophesy

Back 24

occurs when a first impression affects the observer's behavior and, as a result, the first impression comes true

Front 25

Attributions

Back 25

the explanations we make about the causes of behavior

Front 26

Internal attribution (also know as dispositional attribution)

Back 26

the observer explains the actor's behavior as due to some intrinsic quality of the actor

Front 27

External attribution

Back 27

explains the actor's behavior as the result of the social context

Front 28

Fundamental attribution error

Back 28

a tendency to make internal attributions for others' behaviors while ignoring external influences

Front 29

Self-serving bias

Back 29

when we will use internal attributions for ourselves when we do something well, but external attributions when we fail or commit errors.

Front 30

Stereotype

Back 30

is a set pf beliefs about a group of people; as a combination of ideas and opinions, stereotypes may be viewed as a type of schema

Front 31

Prejudice

Back 31

an attitude based on stereotypes that includes emotions and value judgments as well

Front 32

Discrimination

Back 32

a behavior based on prejudice

Front 33

Outgroup

Back 33

a collection of people who are perceived as different

Front 34

Ingroup bias

Back 34

occurs when we attribute qualities to the social group we belong to

Front 35

Scapegoating

Back 35

occurs when people use stereotypes to misplace and exaggerate blame on others

Front 36

Explicit prejudice

Back 36

occurs when individuals confess to or openly demonstrate their stereotypes

Front 37

Implicit prejudice

Back 37

includes form of stereotyping and prejudice that are kept silent, either intentionally or because individuals are unaware of their own prejudices

Front 38

Prosocial behaviors

Back 38

behaviors that promote social functioning, group cohesion, or the well-being of the individuals within the group

Front 39

Humanity or humanitarian

Back 39

describe feelings and actions of compassion and the existence of these terms highlight that many people see our compassionate sides as a uniquely human quality

Front 40

Empathy

Back 40

the emotional concern one individual has for another's well being

Front 41

Social-exchange theory

Back 41

when an individual will consider the cost and benefits of helping another before he or she acts

Front 42

Altruism

Back 42

helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so

Front 43

Social responsibility norm

Back 43

society teaches us that the value of helping goes beyond the benefits an individual might receive, and that individuals who cannot help themselves require special help

Front 44

Kin selection

Back 44

predicts that altruistic behavior is most likely to occur when it gives a genetic benefit to the individual

Front 45

Reciprocal Altruism

Back 45

refers to helping behavior extended to nongenetic relatives, with the possibility that the favor may be later returned

Front 46

bystander effect

Back 46

occurs when an individual is a group does not provide help, either because the person believes someone else will help or because the other people in the group are not helping

Front 47

Diffusion of responsibility

Back 47

this occurs when people feel less responsible for an individual in need when in the presence of a group

Front 48

Aggression

Back 48

any behavior intended to hurt or harm an individual

Front 49

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Back 49

describes another major contributor to aggression, which occurs when an individual is prevented from achieving a goal - especially if the goal should be within reach - and experiences frustration as a result

Front 50

cultures of honor

Back 50

social groups that expect individuals to protect themselves and their property by whatever means necessary

Front 51

culture of law

Back 51

relies on a judicial system, penal codes, and law enforcement officers