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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 elements of cognition |
concept, propositions, cognitive schemas, mental images |
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concept |
mental category that groups objects, relations, and activities with having common properties
ex: collie, golden, lab=DOG |
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basic concept |
moderate # of instances
ex: apple |
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prototype |
what you think of with whatever concept you're thinking about |
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proposition |
unit of meaning made up of concepts that express a single idea |
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cognitive schema |
mental network containing all info about a particular idea |
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mental image |
a picture that resembles the thing it represents |
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*subconcious processes* |
mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary
ex: multitasking |
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*nonconcious processes* |
mental processes occurring outside of/not available to consciousness
ex: intution, insight (idk how i did that) |
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mindlessness |
mental inflexibility/obliviousness |
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algorithm |
a problem solving strategy garunteed to produce a solution even if the user doesn't know how it works |
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heuristic |
a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action and does not guarantee a solution |
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reasoning |
coming to a conclusion based on infrences |
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formal reasoning |
information needed is clearly specified and there is a single right/best answer |
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informal reasoning |
no clear correct solution and many ways to solve it |
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dialetical reasoning |
comparing/evaluating opposing points of view to resolve differences |
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prereflective thinking |
do not distinguish between knowledge and belief or belief and evidence |
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quasi reflective thinking |
think that because knowledge is sometimes uncertain, any judgement about evidence is purely subjective |
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reflective thinking |
understand that some judgments are more valid than others |
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barriers to reasoning rationally |
exaggerating the improbable avoiding loss fairness bias hindsight bias confirmation bias mental sets cognitive dissonance |
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hindsight bias |
tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
ex: oh i knew they were going to lose |
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mental set |
tendency to solve a problem using something that they used before |
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cognitive dissonance |
when ppl hold two contradictory cognitions or when a person's belief is inconsistent with behavior |
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how to reduce cognitive dissonance |
when you need to justify a freely made choice when you need to justify behavior that conflicts with your view of yourself when you need to justify effort put into a decision |
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intellegence |
inferref characteristic of an individual |
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psychometric approach |
G-factor, intellegence tests |
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crystallized intellegence |
knowledge and skills highly dependent on education
INCREASES WITH AGE |
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fluid intellegence |
independent from education, capacity to reason
DECREASES WITH AGE |
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the triarchic theory of intellegence |
componential contextual experiential |
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componential |
comparing, analyzing, and evaluating |
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contextual |
applying the things you know to everyday concepts |
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experiential |
inventing solutions to new problems--transferring skills to new situations |
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domains of intellegence |
emotional, musical, capacity of insight |
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anthromorphism |
the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman biengs |
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anthropodenial |
the tendency to think mistakenly that human beings have nothing to do with other animals |
