Psych 4

Front 1

Situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

Back 1

Gene-environment Interaction

Front 2

Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions

Back 2

Nature Vs. Nurture

Front 3

Activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

Back 3

Gene Expression

Front 4

Bodily motions that occur as result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

Back 4

Motor Behaviors

Front 5

Study of how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember

Back 5

Cognitive Development

Front 6

Piaget's theoretical perspective that children construct an understanding of their world based on observations of the effects of their behaviors

Back 6

Constructivist Theory

Front 7

Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures

Back 7

Assimilation

Front 8

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

Back 8

Accomodation

Front 9

Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally

Back 9

Sensorimotor Stage

Front 10

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

Back 10

Object Permanence

Front 11

Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but no yet perform operations on them

Back 11

Preoperational Stage

Front 12

Inability to see the world from others' perspectives

Back 12

Egocentrism

Front 13

Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same

Back 13

Conservation

Front 14

Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only

Back 14

Concrete Operations Stage

Front 15

Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now

Back 15

Formal Operations Stage

Front 16

Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent

Back 16

Scaffolding

Front 17

Phrase of learning during which children can benefit from instructions

Back 17

Zone of Proximal Development

Front 18

Ability to reason about what other people know or believe

Back 18

Theory of Mind

Front 19

Principle asserting if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elcit the behavior in the future

Back 19

Law of Effect

Front 20

Grasping the nature of a problem

Back 20

Insight

Front 21

Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised

Back 21

Skinner Box

Front 22

Outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Back 22

Reinforcement

Front 23

Positive outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Back 23

Positive Reinforcement

Front 24

Removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Back 24

Negative Reinforcement

Front 25

Outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior

Back 25

Punishment

Front 26

Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement

Back 26

Discriminant Stimulus

Front 27

Only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually

Back 27

Partial Reinforcement

Front 28

Pattern of reinforcing a behavior

Back 28

Schedule of Reinforcement

Front 29

pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses

Back 29

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Front 30

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval

Back 30

Fixed Interval Schedule

Front 31

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly

Back 31

Variable Ratio Schedule

Front 32

Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response following an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly

Back 32

Variable Interval Schedule

Front 33

Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behavior that come closer and closer to the target

Back 33

Shaping by Successive Approximations

Front 34

Principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior

Back 34

Premack Principle

Front 35

Neutral objects that people can trade in for reinforcers themselves

Back 35

Secondary Reinforcers

Front 36

Items or outcomes that are naturally pleasurable

Back 36

Primary Reinforcers

Front 37

Learning that's not directly observable

Back 37

Latent Learning

Front 38

Mental representations of how a physical space is organized

Back 38

Cognitive maps

Front 39

Learning by watching others

Back 39

Observational Learning

Front 40

Cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action

Back 40

Mirror neurons

Front 41

Assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus

Back 41

Equipotentiality

Front 42

Retention of information over time

Back 42

Memory

Front 43

Procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

Back 43

Suggestive memory Techniques

Front 44

False but subjectively compelling memory

Back 44

Memory Illusion

Front 45

How much information a memory system can retain

Back 45

Span

Front 46

Length of time for which a memory system can retain information

Back 46

Duration

Front 47

Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory

Back 47

Sensory Memory

Front 48

Visual sensory memory

Back 48

Iconic Memory

Front 49

Auditory sensory memory

Back 49

Echoic Memory

Front 50

Memory system that retains information for limited durations

Back 50

Short-term Memory

Front 51

Fading of information from memory

Back 51

Decay

Front 52

Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information

Back 52

Interference

Front 53

interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information

Back 53

Retroactive Inhibition

Front 54

Interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information

Back 54

Proactive Inhibition

Front 55

The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: Seven plus or minus two pieces of information

Back 55

Magic Number

Front 56

Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory

Back 56

Chunking

Front 57

Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory

Back 57

Rehearsal

Front 58

Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory

Back 58

Maintenance Rehearsal

Front 59

Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory

Back 59

Elaborative Rehearsal

Front 60

Depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it

Back 60

Levels of processing

Front 61

Sustained retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills

Back 61

Long-term Memory

Front 62

Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent

Back 62

Permastore

Front 63

Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Back 63

Primacy Effect

Front 64

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

Back 64

Recency Effect

Front 65

Tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli

Back 65

Von Restorff Effect

Front 66

Graph depicting the effect of bothe primacy and recency on people's ablitlity to recall items on a list

Back 66

Serial Position Curve

Front 67

Our knowledge of facts about the world

Back 67

Semantic Memory

Front 68

Recallection of events in our lives

Back 68

Episodic Memory

Front 69

Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

Back 69

Exxplicit Memory

Front 70

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

Back 70

Implicit Memory

Front 71

Memory for how to do thing, including motor skills and habits

Back 71

Prodedural Memory

Front 72

Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli

Back 72

Priming

Front 73

Process of getting information into our memory banks

Back 73

Encoding

Front 74

A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

Back 74

Mnemonic

Front 75

Process of keeping information in memory

Back 75

Storage

Front 76

Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory

Back 76

Schema

Front 77

Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

Back 77

Retrieval

Front 78

Hints that make it easier for us to recall information

Back 78

Retrieval Cues

Front 79

Generating previously remembered information

Back 79

Recall

Front 80

Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

Back 80

Recognition

Front 81

Reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time

Back 81

Relearning

Front 82

Studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time

Back 82

Distributed Versus Massed Practice

Front 83

Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

Back 83

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Front 84

Gradual strenthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

Back 84

Long-term Potentiation

Front 85

Loss of memories from our past

Back 85

Retrograde Amnesia

Front 86

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences

Back 86

Anterograde Amnesia

Front 87

Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

Back 87

Meta-memory

Front 88

Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age

Back 88

Infantile Amnesia

Front 89

Emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed

Back 89

Flashbulb Memories

Front 90

Ability to identify the origins of a memory

Back 90

Source Monitoring

Front 91

Failure to recognize that our ideas orginated with someone else

Back 91

Cryptomnesia

Front 92

Creation of fictitous memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place

Back 92

Misinformation Effect