Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The world leader in both the obesity endemic and the diabetes epidemic is:
|
United States
|
|
|
The term "male menopause" is sometimes used to refer to:
|
a dip in testosterone in response to anxiety or sexual inactivity
|
|
|
The use of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection in a typical IVF cycle is especially useful when
|
a man is HIV-positive and a woman is HIV-negative
|
|
|
A woman in the United States today is most likely to die from which type of cancer?
|
Lung
|
|
|
Laboratory-induced twinning is an assisted reproductive technology method that is
|
Prohibited in all nations
|
|
|
At a recent physical exam, Janet was told that she is an inch shorter than she was five years ago at age 50. What could cause her decrease in height?
|
A natural collapse of vertebrae in the spine
|
|
|
Harry is 65 years old and can hear well enough to understand a whisper spoken three feet away. In a sample of 65-year-old men, Harry would be:
|
About average
|
|
|
Schaie's study of Americans born over a 77-year-period found that each successive cohort scored higher in:
|
Verbal meaning and inductive reasoning
|
|
|
When Bayley tested a group of adults who had been child geniuses, she found:
|
Scores increased between ages 20 and 50
|
|
|
According to Gardner, each of the eight intelligences that he identified is based on:
|
its own neurological network in a certain section of the brain
|
|
|
Creative intelligence requires ______ thinking.
|
Divergent
|
|
|
Randy moved across the country to advance his career. Though he moved alone, he soon developed a group of co-workers and friends who became like a family to him. They served as his:
|
social convoy
|
|
|
The percentage of residents over the age of 65 in the United States who have never been married is:
|
4%
|
|
|
Bill has worked at a low-paying job in a lumber yard for many years. In comparison to his cousin who is a physician, Bill expects to retire:
|
5 years sooner than his cousin
|
|
|
The percentage of adults who are close to their siblings increases from adolescence to adulthood by approximately:
|
30%
|
|
|
According to research by Levinson, the period of adult life which is characterized by anxiety, reexamination and sudden transformation is referred to as the:
|
Midlife transition stage
|
|
|
Which most accurately depicts researchers' current views on the midlife crisis?
|
Believing in its existence may help middle-aged adults cope with the changes that occur
|
|
|
When our present population is sorted according to age, the resulting graph is approaching a demographic:
|
Square
|
|
|
Taking aspirin regularly, as many of the elderly do, increases the need for:
|
Vitamin C
|
|
|
What percent of the United States population is over age 65?
|
13%
|
|
|
The term "free radicals" refers to:
|
Electrons that are unattached to their nuclei
|
|
|
Which of the following types of events are remembered best by older adults?
|
happy events that occurred between the ages of 10 and 30
|
|
|
Which component of the human information-processing system functions as executive?
|
Control processes
|
|
|
In Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study, the cognitive decline of late adulthood was most evident in which of the following?
|
Processing speed
|
|
|
Many elderly people suffering from depression do not receive treatment because:
|
Their depression goes undiagnosed
|
|
|
Autopsies show the brains of Alzheimer's victims
|
Have a large number of plaques and tangles
|
|
|
Example of a subcortical dementia?
|
Parkinsons Disease
|
|
|
The main symptom in Lewy body dementia is:
|
Loss of inhibition
|
|
|
Loss of working memory is particularly likely to affect the ability to:
|
Repeat a series of numbers just heard
|
|
|
What theory claims that social forces limit individual choice and direct life, especially in late adulthood?
|
Stratification theories
|
|
|
Elderly men may be more troubled by losing a spouse than elderly women are because men
|
Are less likely to seek out comfort and help
|
|
|
Polly effusively describes her youth and earlier adulthood as "perfect," having had many wonderful experiences, a loving family, and good friends. She is demonstrating:
|
The positivity effect
|
|
|
Continuity theory would argue that the reaction of a 70-year-old to the news that he has diabetes and must dramatically change his lifestyle is best predicted by the patient's:
|
Past coping patterns
|
|
|
Erikson called the final crisis of development:
|
Integrity vs. despair
|
|
|
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the percentage of those over the age of 65 who are still in the work force is:
|
20% of men and 15% of women
|
|
|
Much of the volunteer work undertaken by the elderly is:
|
Informal
|
|
|
Senescence
|
Gradual physical decline that occurs with age
|
|
|
Presbycusis
|
Loss of hearing associated with senescence
|
|
|
With age, neurons in the brain fire more ___, and there are fewer
|
slowly
neurons and synapses |
|
|
People who abuse alcohol over decades risk the disease called...
|
Korsakoff's syndrome
|
|
|
Menopause
|
Ovulation and menstruation stop
Production of sex hormones drops considerably |
|
|
Quality adjusted life years
|
How many years of full vitality are lost as a result of a particular disease or disability
|
|
|
Mortality is usually expressed as
|
The number of deaths each year per 1,000 individuals in a particular population
|
|
|
___% of all adults in the US are obese
|
30%
|
|
|
The first visible age-related changes are seen in the...
|
skin
|
|
|
The major reason for infertility among US couples is...
|
Postponing childbearing until they are well past their peak reproductive years
|
|
|
The term "male menopause" was probably coined to refer to...
|
the sudden dip in testosterone that sometimes occurs in men who have been sexually inactive
|
|
|
The leading cause of cancer deaths in North America is...
|
Lung cancer
|
|
|
Sexual expressiveness during adulthood
|
Levels of sex hormones gradually diminish and responses slow down
|
|
|
Morbidity
|
Disease of all kinds
|
|
|
More important to quality of life than any other measure of health
|
Vitality
|
|
|
Female fertility may be affected by...
|
Anorexia, pelvic inflammatory disease, smoking
|
|
|
At every age, women are more likely than men to have nearly every...
|
chronic disease
|
|
|
Country with lowest annual mortality
|
Japan
|
|
|
Disability-adjusted life years
|
The reciprocal of QALYs, a measure of the impact that disability has on quality of life
|
|
|
Historically, psychologists have thought of intelligence as a...
|
Single entity
|
|
|
Spearman argued that there is such a thing as __, which he called __
|
General intelligence
g |
|
|
Cross sectional research designs show intelligence
|
Decreasing with age
|
|
|
Longitudinal research designs show intelligence
|
Increasing with age
|
|
|
Reasons longitudinal findings may be misleading
|
1. People restested may improve as a result of practice
2. Drop-outs lead to a self-selected sample 3. Takes a long time |
|
|
Fluid intelligence
|
Flexible reasoning used to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts
Inductive reasoning, abstract analysis, working memory |
|
|
Crystallized intelligence
|
Accumulation of facts, information and knowledge that comes with education and experience
|
|
|
Sternberg's 3 aspects of intelligence
|
Analytic, Creative and Practical
|
|
|
Analytic intelligence
|
Mental processes that foster academic proficiency, by making efficient learning possible
|
|
|
Creative intelligence
|
Flexible and innovative
New solutions |
|
|
Practical intelligence
|
Adapt to contextual demands of a given situation
|
|
|
Selective optimization with compensation
|
People devise alternative strategies to compensate for age-related declines in ability
|
|
|
Experts
|
Rely on past experience and context more than forman procedures
Automatic and instinctive More and better strategies Flexible and creative |
|
|
The shift from conscious, deliberate processing of information to a more unconscious, effortless performance requires...
|
Automatic responding
|
|
|
Selective expert
|
Specializes in activities that are more personally meaningful
|
|
|
Age cognitively impairs...
|
Processing speed and short-term memory
|
|
|
Erikson crisis of early adulthood
|
Intimacy vs. Isolation
|
|
|
Eriskon crisis of middle adulthood
|
Generativity vs. Stagnation
|
|
|
Social clock
|
Timetable for behaviors set by social norms
|
|
|
The stability of personality results in large part from the fact that beginning in early adulthood most people have settled into an...
|
Ecological niche
|
|
|
Jung
|
The psychoanalyst who believed that everyone has both a masculine and a feminine side;
Adults begin to explore the shadow side of their personalities |
|
|
Social convoy
|
The group of people with whom we form relationships that guide us through life
|
|
|
Allostatic load
|
The total burden of stress and disease that an individual must cope with
|
|
|
Problem focused coping
|
People try to cope with stress by tackling the problem directly
|
|
|
Emotion focused coping
|
People cope with stress by trying to change their emotions
|
|
|
Familism
|
The belief that family members should care for and support one another
|
|
|
Fictive kin
|
Someone who becomes accepted as part of a family to which he or she is unrelated
|
|
|
Kinkeepers
|
Maintain links between generations
|
|
|
Shifts in personality during adulthood often reflect
|
Increased agreeableness, conscientiousness and generativity
|
|
|
Younger adults tend to be more __ focused when responding to stress
|
problem, not emotion
|
|
|
Gender convergence
|
Tendency of the sexes to become more similar as women and men age
|
|
|
Linked lives
|
Family members tend to share all aspects of each other's lives
|
|
|
Gerontology
|
Multidisciplinary study of aging
|
|
|
Geriatrics
|
Medical specialty devoted to aging
|
|
|
Dependency Ratio
|
Ratio of self-sufficient, productive adults to dependent children and elderly adults
|
|
|
Other terms for young-old, old-old and oldest-old
|
Optimal, usual and impaired aging
|
|
|
Cataracts
|
Thickening of the lens of the eye
|
|
|
Glaucoma
|
Hardening of the eyeball because of a buildup of fluid within the eye
|
|
|
Macular degeneration
|
Deterioration of the retina
|
|
|
Compression of morbidity
|
Limiting of the time any person spends ill
|
|
|
3 Theories of aging
|
Wear and Tear
Epigenetic Cellular |
|
|
Wear and tear theory
|
Compared the human body to a machine
Each body has a certain amount of energy and strength to use |
|
|
Average life expectancy
|
75 for men, 81 for women
|
|
|
Epigenetic theory of aging
|
Reproduction is what drives evolution
|
|
|
Cellular theory of aging
|
Mutations during cell reproduction causes aging
Oxygen free radicals produce errors in cell maintenance and repair |
|
|
B cells
|
From bone marrow
Create antibodies that attack invading bacteria and viruses |
|
|
T cells
|
From thymus gland
Produce substances that attack any kind of infected cell |
|
|
Over the course of adulthood, the power, production and efficiency of T and B cells...
|
decreases
|
|
|
Hayflick limit
|
Cells stop replicating at a certain point
|
|
|
3 places famous for long-lived people
|
Georgia, Pakistan and Ecuador
|
|
|
Demographic pyramid is becoming a square because of
|
Decreasing birth rates and increasing life spans
|
|
|
Primary aging
|
Irreversible changes that occur with time
|
|
|
According to the genetic adaptation theory of a genetic clock...
|
Aging is actually directed by the genes
|
|
|
As a result of the ___ birth rate, the population dependency ration in most industrialized countries is ___ than it was at the turn of the 20th century
|
decreasing
lower |
|
|
Each time a cell duplicates...
|
The telomere is shortened
|
|
|
In humans, average life expectancy varies according to...
|
historical, cultural and socioeconomic factors
Not ethnic factors |
|
|
Older adults are particularly likely to experience difficulty in multitasking, because...
|
It requires screening out distractions and inhibiting irrelevant thoughts
|
|
|
Dual track deficit
|
The difficulty older adults have in multitasking
|
|
|
Control processes of the information processing system
|
Storage mechanisms
Retrieval strategies Selective attention Logical analysis |
|
|
While thinking, older adults are more likely to rely on...
|
Prior knowledge, general principles, familiarity and rules of thumb
|
|
|
Reasons behind the slowdown in brain processes
|
Reduced production of neurotransmitters
less volume of neural fluid Slower speed of cerebral blood flow Smaller prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Terminal decline
|
Overall slowdown of cognitive abilities that often occurs in the days or months before death
|
|
|
Dementia
|
Severely impaired judgement, memory or problem solving ability
|
|
|
Alzheimers Disease
|
Abnormalities in the cerebral cortex called plaques and tangles
|
|
|
Plaques are formed from a protein called
|
B-amyloid
|
|
|
Tangles are twisted masses of threads made of a protein called...
|
tau
|
|
|
Plaques and tangles usually begin in the ___ of the brain
|
Hippocampus
|
|
|
1st stage of Alzheimer's
|
Absentmindedness about recent events
|
|
|
2nd stage of Alzheimer's
|
Deficits in concentration and short-term memory
Changes in personality |
|
|
3rd stage of Alzheimer's
|
Memory loss becomes dangerous and debilitating
Can no longer manage basic needs |
|
|
4th stage of Alzheimer's
|
Require full time care
|
|
|
5th stage of Alzheimer's
|
No longer talk or respond
|
|
|
Vascular dementia
|
Temporary obstruction of the blood vessels called an infarct, prevents sufficient blood from reaching the brain
|
|
|
Unlike Alzheimer's, VaD shows...
|
A sudden drop in intellectual functioning
|
|
|
Subcortical dementias
|
Originates in brain areas that do not directly involve thinking and memory
Progressive loss of motor control |
|
|
Most common subcortical dementia
|
Parkinsons
|
|
|
Parkinsons is related to the degeneration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter...
|
Dopamine
|
|
|
Main symptom of Lewy body is a loss of...
|
Inhibition
|
|
|
Reversible dementia can be caused by...
|
Overmedication, inadequate nutrition, alcohol abuse, depression or other mental illness
|
|
|
Suicide is higher for those over age __ than for any other group
|
85
|
|
|
The two basic functions of working memory are
|
Storage that enables conscious use and processing of information
|
|
|
Strategies to retain and retrieve information in the knowledge base are part of which basic component of information processing?
|
Control processes
|
|
|
The plaques and tangles that accompany Alzheimer's disease usually begin in the...
|
Hippocampus
|
|
|
Secondary aging factors that may explain some declines in cognitive functioning include...
|
Fewer opportunities for learning in old age
Disparaging self-perceptions of cognitive abilities Difficulty with traditional methods of measuring cognitive functioning |
|
|
Medication has been associated with symptoms of dementia because...
|
Standard drug dosages are often too strong for the elderly;
Drugs sometimes have the side effect of slowing mental processes; The intermixing of drugs can sometimes have detrimental effects on cognitive functioning |
|
|
The primary purpose of the life review
|
Put one's life into perspective
|
|
|
Reduced sensory input impairs cognition by increasing the power of...
|
interference
|
|
|
Which type of memory is most vulnerable to age-related deficits?
|
Explicit memory
|
|
|
The psychological illness most likely to be misdiagnosed as dementia is...
|
Anxiety
|
|
|
Working memory
|
Temporarily stores information for conscious processing
|
|
|
Multi-Infarct Dementia (MID)
|
Caused by a temporary obstruction of the blood vessels
|
|
|
A patient has the following symptoms: blurred vision, slurred speech and mental confusion. The patient is probably suffering from:
|
Vascular Dementia
|
|
|
From 65 to 85, the incidence of Alzheimers disease rises from 1 in 100 to...`
|
1 in 5
|
|
|
Priming
|
Use of a clue, or some other form of preparation, to jog one's memory
|
|
|
Widsom
|
Expert knowledge in the fundamental pragmatics of life
|
|
|
3 types of theories of psychosocial development in late adulthood
|
Self theories
Stratification theories Dynamic theories |
|
|
Self theories
|
Theories that emphasize the active part that individuals play in their own psychosocial development;
Attempts to self-actualize Integrity v. despair |
|
|
Assimilation
|
New experiences are incorporated into identity unchanged
Distorts reality in order to maintain self esteem Leads to rigidity |
|
|
Accommodation
|
People adapt to new experiences by changing their self-concept
Can lead people to abandon their identity |
|
|
Selective optimization with compensation
|
Individuals set their own goals, assess their own abilities, and then figure out how to accomplish what they want to achieve despite the limitations and declines of later life
|
|
|
Positivity effect
|
Tendency of elderly people to perceive, prefer and remember positive experiences more than negative ones
|
|
|
Stratification theories
|
Social forces and cultural influences limit individuals and direct life at every stage
|
|
|
Age stratification
|
Industrialized nations segregate the oldest generation
|
|
|
Disengagement theory
|
In old age the individual and society mutually withdraw from each other
|
|
|
Activity theory
|
Older adults remain socially active
|
|
|
Instead of disengagement or activity theory, older adults may become more ___ in their social contacts
|
Selective
|
|
|
Feminist stratification theory
|
Social policies and cultural values make later life particularly burdensome for women
|
|
|
Critical race theory (stratification)
|
Race is a social construct and racism and racial discrimination shape the experiences and attitudes of both racial minorities and majorities
|
|
|
Dynamic theory
|
Each person's life is an active, changing, self-propelled process occurring within ever-changing social contexts
|
|
|
Continuity theory
|
People experience the changes of late adulthood in much the same way they did earlier in life
|
|
|
Rather than moving, many elderly people prefer to remain in the neighborhoods in which they raised their children, creating...
|
Naturally occurring retirement communities
|
|
|
The death of a mate usually means lower...
|
status, income, activities, identity
|
|
|
Beanpole family
|
More generations, but only a few members in each generation
|
|
|
Filial responsibility
|
Idea that adult children are obligated to care for their aging parents
|
|
|
3 types of grandparents
|
Remote, involved, companionate
|
|
|
5 Activities of daily life
|
Eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, transferring from a bed to a chair
|
|
|
Instrumental activities of daily life
|
Shopping, paying bills, driving a car, taking medications, keeping appointments
|
|
|
Developmentalists who believe that stratification theory unfairly stigmatizes women and minority groups point out that:
|
African Americans often outlive European Americans;
Elderly women are less likely than men to be lonely and depressed; Multigenerational families and churches often nurture Hispanic Americans |
|
|
3 factors contributing to an increase in the number of frail elderly
|
People are living longer;
Medical care's focus on preventing death rather than enhancing life; Those who are already somewhat frail tend to be excluded from receiving help |
|
|
Vitality
|
How healthy and energetic an individual feels
|
|
|
Seattle Longitudinal Study
|
1st cross-sequential study of intelligence
|
|
|
Expert Cognition
|
Intuitive
Automatic Strategic Flexible |
|
|
Astigmatism
|
Irregular shape of cornea
|
|
|
Presbyopia
|
Lens of eye loses flexibility
Makes it difficult to focus Not a disease and cannot be prevented |
|
|
Glaucoma
|
Progressive damage to optic nerve
More fluid is produced than can be removed by the eye |
