Psych 397 Chapter 5

Front 1

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

Back 1

Polish astronomer, physician and minister remembered as the founder of a scientific revolution marked by the belief that the sun, rather than the earth, is the center of the solar system

Front 2

Cosmology

Back 2

The study of theories of the nature of the universe including the relation of earth to the rest of the solar system.

Front 3

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Back 3

Broad-ranging Renaissance scholar who was an artistic genius, engineer, sculptor and architect. He is also remembered for his careful studies of human anatomy and his artistic skill in capturing human emotions.

Front 4

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Back 4

Italian astronomer and physicist remembered for improving the telescope and using it systematically in the observation of the solar system.

Front 5

Geocentric

Back 5

Literally, earth centered. Generally refers to the ancient view of Ptolemy that the earth is the center of the solar system.

Front 6

Heliocentric

Back 6

Literally, sun centered. Typically refers to the work of Copernicus who taught that the sun is the center of the solar system.

Front 7

Juan Huarte (c.1530-c.1592)

Back 7

One of the first to write on the subjects of individual differences, aptitude and temperament.

Front 8

Index of Forbidden Books

Back 8

Generally refers to books forbidden by the Catholic church because they were regarded as dangerous to faith and morality. Though censorship was practiced from the early days of the church, the Index started in the 16th century and continued until 1966.

Front 9

Indulgence

Back 9

Refers to various means of raising money practiced by the Catholic church prior to the Reformation. Generally involved payment of money in exchange for spiritual favour.

Front 10

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Back 10

German astronomer and mathematician who discovered the elliptical or oval-shaped motions of the planets.

Front 11

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Back 11

The founder of the Reformation and leader of the Protestant movement. Arguably, Luther contributed to the growth of empirical spirit by advancing the doctrine of the individual priesthood of the believer, in which people have the right to read and interpret scriptures for themselves.

Front 12

Machiavellianism

Back 12

Refers to the application of the principles set forth by Niccolo Machiavelli. Sometimes implies amoral, manipulative attitudes, but, strictly speaking, such an implication is a corruption of the teachings of Machiavelli.

Front 13

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)

Back 13

Founder of modern political science and modern military science. One of the first to emphasize the importance of socialization and the techniques for molding public opinion. He advocated the utility of a descriptive social science.

Front 14

Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)

Back 14

Late Renaissance scholar who launched a powerful and influential attack on human knowledge. His skepticism was to have a strong influence on Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes. Montaigne also speculated on a number of psychological topics such as how to rear children, education, motivation and emotion.

Front 15

Paracelsus (1493-1541)

Back 15

Radical Renaissance epitemologist who argued that observational studies should replace old scholastic techniques and blind allegiance to authority.

Front 16

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)

Back 16

Italian poet, scholar, and moralist who was a founder of Renaissance humanism.

Front 17

Ptolemy (c.100-c.165)

Back 17

Egyptian astronomer, geographer, and mathematician known for an early geocentric cosmology that was widely accepted for over 1400 years.

Front 18

Reformation

Back 18

A 16th century religious movement founded by Martin Luther and motivated by an attempt to reform the Catholic church. Luther's failure to bring about the changes he desired ultimately led to a major split in the church and the beginnings of Protestantism.

Front 19

Renaissance

Back 19

Literally, rebirth. That period in history from approximately 1300-1600 marked by the rediscovery of Greek classics, a new interest in mathematics, expanding geographic knowledge and a wider epistemology.

Front 20

Renaissance Humanism

Back 20

Refers to a new interest in human affairs. It was manifested in art as the subject shifted from theological figures to human figures and in music as the subject shifted from the sacred to the secular. In science, there was a new interest in physiological and anatomical studies and a general new focus on topics of human concern.

Front 21

Oliva Sabuco (1562-1590)

Back 21

Late Renaissance writer who emphasized the wisdom of moderation. Sabuco was among the first to understand the role of emotions in physical and psychological health.

Front 22

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

Back 22

Physician and anatomist known for his empirical approach to anatomy based on actual dissections. He revolutionized the study of the human body much as Renaissance explorers such as Columbus and Magellan revolutionized knowledge of geography.

Front 23

Juan Luis Vivwa (1492-1540)

Back 23

Spanish humanist who advocated an empirical approach to psychology. His book De Anima et Vita is a rich source of Renaissance thought on psychological topics.