Psych 397 Chapter 16

Front 1

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

Back 1

Founder of a system of psychological thought known as individuals psychology. Adler emphasized the important of overcoming early feelings of inferiority. He focused on the purposive or goal-directed nature of behaviour and on the capacity of the individuals to identify with the goals of society at large.

Front 2

Alchemy

Back 2

The ancient practice of transformation. Jung found inspiration in alchemical practices, believing they gave substance to his psychology, spiritual values and ideas about psychological transformation.

Front 3

Anal Stage

Back 3

According to Freud, in the second and third years of life, the child develops a deep awareness of the pleasures associated with relief of bowel and bladder tension. The expression of this pleasure may be in conflict with societal norms and thus create special difficulties that must be negotiated with care if the child is to develop normally.

Front 4

Analytic Psychology

Back 4

The name of the system of psychology advanced by Carl Gustav Jung.

Front 5

Anima

Back 5

In Jung's theory, the female archetype in men.

Front 6

Animus

Back 6

In Jung's theory, the male archetype in women.

Front 7

Archetype

Back 7

According to Jung, archetypes exist in the collective unconscious. They are patterns or forms that help mold thinking about experiences with topics such as power, death, darkness, mothers, fathers and so on. Jung assumed that the vast experiences of the entire species with such topics do not go unrepresented in the psychological apparatus of each individual.

Front 8

Attitudes

Back 8

According to Jung, an attitude is a pervasive social orientation. Jung identified two attitudes: introversion and extroversion.

Front 9

Basic Anxiety

Back 9

An overwhelming feeling of helplessness and isolation in a threatening and hostile world.

Front 10

Joseph Breuer (1842-1925)

Back 10

German physiologist and colleague of Sigmund Freud. Breuer's treatment of Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O.) played a central role in the early development of Freud's psychoanalysis.

Front 11

Ernst Brucke (1819-1893)

Back 11

Famous physiologist who had a powerful influence on Sigmund Freud. Brucke emphasized the importance of a thorough-going, physical-chemical approach to the study of psychological topics.

Front 12

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893)

Back 12

French physician and neurologist who had a strong influence on the development of Freud's thought. Charcot emphasized the psychological basis of some physical symptoms.

Front 13

Collective Unconscious

Back 13

A controversial concept advanced by Carl Jung. He believed that the human mind includes unconscious memories from the biological past of topics such as darkness, death and power. Most of what is in the collective unconscious is associated with topics that strongly influence survival.

Front 14

Compensation

Back 14

In Adler's psychology, the normal attempts to overcome specific inferiorities by developing strengths in alternative areas (eg. a person who is not athletic, may exceed in the classroom).

Front 15

Complex

Back 15

A term employed by Jung to refer to conscious materials that are strongly associated with emotional or perceptual distortions. For example, in Jung's view, an inferiority complex results partly from perceptual distortions regarding personal adequacy.

Front 16

Compliant Type

Back 16

A neurotic attempt to reduce anxiety by moving toward people.

Front 17

Contertransference

Back 17

In Freud's psychology, the emotional attachment of a therapist to a patient.

Front 18

Detached Type

Back 18

A neurotic attempt to reduce anxiety by moving away from people.

Front 19

Ego

Back 19

In Freud's system, the ego is the I or me of the personality - the center of organization and integration that must adapt to the demands of reality. Jung uses the term to refer to a component of personality that is closely associated with conscious processes.

Front 20

Extroversion

Back 20

In Jung's psychology, a quality of personality marked by love of other people and social interaction.

Front 21

Fictional Final Goals

Back 21

According to Adler, fictions play major roles in the subjective world of the individual. Fictional final goals are those things that we wish to achieve. Such wishes are not necessarily grounded in realistic considerations.

Front 22

Fixation

Back 22

A strong attachment to a specific stimulus in Freud's theory of instinct. For example, a childhood trauma may result in an oral fixation that might manifest itself in adulthood as a habit of smoking cigars.

Front 23

Free Association

Back 23

Therapeutic method developed by Sigmund Freud and marked by the uninhibited sharing of whatever happens to be in the center stage of consciousness at a given time.

Front 24

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Back 24

Founder of psychoanalysis, which is both a major system of psychology and a therapeutic technique.

Front 25

Function

Back 25

According to Jung, a function is an expression of the psychic apparatus. He identified four functions: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. He believed that, for many people, specific functions are dominant features of the personality.

Front 26

Genital Stage

Back 26

According to Freud, this stage is associated with the adolescent years and is marked by the development of emotional ties with members of the opposite sex.

Front 27

Karen Danielsen Horney (1885-1952)

Back 27

German American psychoanalyst who enlarged the domain of psychoanalysis with her study of socio-cultural factors in neurosis and gender development.

Front 28

Hostile Type

Back 28

A neurotic attempt to reduce anxiety by moving against people.

Front 29

Id

Back 29

In Freudian theory, the id is the most primitive component of the personality. It represents powerful biological needs and demands instant expression and immediate gratification.

Front 30

Idealized Self

Back 30

A fictitious view of neurotic self-hood that replaces the real self.

Front 31

Identification

Back 31

In Freudian psychology, a defense mechanism of the ego marked by imitation of another person. The ego attempts to borrow from the success or adequacy of another individual.

Front 32

Individual Psychology

Back 32

The name of the system of psychology founded by Alfred Ader.

Front 33

Individuation

Back 33

The name Carl Jung gave to describe the process of becoming a complete psychological individual, a self-realization that signals a coming to self-hood.

Front 34

Inferiority Complex

Back 34

According to Adler, children are inadequate or inferior with respect to most functions. Overcoming inferiority is a task for all people. An inferiority complex is an intense or unusually strong manifestation of feelings that all people experience.

Front 35

Instinct

Back 35

This term is often used as the translation for Freud's term Trieb, which is close in meaning to the term drive. According to Freud, Trieb is an internal stimulus that persists until it finds satisfaction. It has a somatic source, a strength, an aim (its own satisfaction), and an object (that which will help it achieve its aim).

Front 36

Introversion

Back 36

According to Jung, an attitude marked by preference for inwardness and for minimal or highly selected social contact.

Front 37

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)

Back 37

Founder of a system of psychology known as analytic psychology.

Front 38

Latency Period

Back 38

According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and the genital sate. In the latency period there is no obvious localization of erotic interest.

Front 39

Latent Content of a Dream

Back 39

According to Freud, the symbolic way a dream expresses an unconscious wish or drive.

Front 40

Mandala

Back 40

According to Jung, a magic circle or symbol that expresses self-hood.

Front 41

Manifest Contest of a Dream

Back 41

According to Freud, the dream as described by the dreamer; the apparent content of a dream as censored by the ego.

Front 42

Moral Anxiety

Back 42

According to Freud, anxiety associated with the threat that the irrational demands of the superego might overcome the ego.

Front 43

Neurotic Anxiety

Back 43

According to Freud, this arises when the irrational demands of the id threaten to overwhelm the ego.

Front 44

Neurotic Trends

Back 44

Neurotic needs that form strategies of protection designed to counter basic anxiety.

Front 45

Objective Anxiety

Back 45

Objective threats from the world or from other people that threaten to overpower the ego.

Front 46

Oedipus Complex

Back 46

A young boy's desire for his mother along with feelings of competition with his father. The term is used more generally to refer to strong emotional attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and feelings of competition with the parent of the same sex.

Front 47

Oral Stage

Back 47

In Freud's psychology, the first stage of psycho-sexual development. In this stage, the child's interactions with the world are primarily via the oral cavity and there is primitive learning about the responsiveness of the world to oral activities such as crying and sucking.

Front 48

Overcompensation

Back 48

According to Adler, overcompensation involves attempts to develop great strength in the very area that is most beset with difficulties (eg. a physically handicapped individual who becomes a great athlete).

Front 49

Penis Envy

Back 49

According to Freud, during the phallic period, the young girl is envious of the protruding sex organ of her father. Freud argued that the young girl holds her mother responsible for her own "castrated condition".

Front 50

Persona

Back 50

Literally, the playactor's mask. In Jung's psychology, the persona is the part of the psychic structure that is most visible socially.

Front 51

Personal Unconscious

Back 51

Jung's term for the storehouse of materials based on each individual's experiences that are not immediately available to consciousness.

Front 52

Phallic Stage

Back 52

In Freud's psychology, that period from ages three to five when the child develops an interest in his or her sex organs and the sex organs of the parent. Freud believed that, at this time, the child beings to identify with the opposite-sexed parent.

Front 53

Pleasure Principle

Back 53

Freud argued that the pleasure principle is the dominant feature of the human mental apparatus. The pleasure principle calls for immediate release of tension and acquisition of those goals that fulfill needs.

Front 54

Preconscious

Back 54

A feature of the mental apparatus, according to Freud, containing materials not now in consciousness but readily available to consciousness.

Front 55

Primary Process

Back 55

Freud's term for images and memories of objects that serve to satisfy needs. A dream rich in imagery is an example of primary process material.

Front 56

Projection

Back 56

A defense mechanism of the ego manifested when personal faults or weaknesses are externalized or ascribed to objects, events, or other people. Thus, a married person tempted to be unfaithful may ascribe the wish to be unfaithful to the spouse.

Front 57

Psyche

Back 57

According to Jung, the totality of a human personality.

Front 58

Psychoanalysis

Back 58

The system of psychology and/or the treatment procedure set forth by Sigmund Freud. The term also has a broader meaning, referring sometimes to any group of psychologies that share some of the basic concepts associated with Freud's psychology.

Front 59

Rationalization

Back 59

Defense mechanism of the ego marked by the practice of employing false but logical or even plausible explanations designed to excuse the weaknesses or errors.

Front 60

Reaction Formation

Back 60

A defense in which the ego masks awareness of an anxiety-provoking motive by emphasizing its opposite. For example, a parent who harbours hostility towards a child may become overly indulgent or overprotective.

Front 61

Reality Principle

Back 61

Social and environmental demands, constraints, or pressures that place limitations on alternative modes of action.

Front 62

Real Self

Back 62

In Horney's theory the true source of healthy and positive growth in a human being.

Front 63

Regression

Back 63

Return or retreat to an earlier stage of development and reinstatement of attitudes or behaviours characteristic of an earlier stage.

Front 64

Repression

Back 64

An ego defense mechanism in which dangerous thoughts, memories, or perceptions are forced out of consciousness and into the unconscious realm.

Front 65

Resistance

Back 65

Failure to cooperate with the therapist presumably because of the trauma of dealing with unconscious materials that are about to be brought to the surface.

Front 66

Secondary Process

Back 66

According to Freud, plans and strategies of the ego that provide compromised means for the expression of id impulses.

Front 67

Self

Back 67

According to Jung, the self is the unifying component of the psychic apparatus. The self is that which seeks optimal development, integration and wholeness.

Front 68

Shadow

Back 68

According to Jung, the dark side of the personality that appears antagonistic to the social goals of the ego. Includes primitive materials from the collective unconscious; these materials may provoke negative emotions such as fear or anger.

Front 69

Social Interest

Back 69

The term employed by Adler referring to the capacity of the individual to identify with the larger social good and the altruistic goals of society.

Front 70

Style of Life

Back 70

Adler's term referring to unique personality qualities (including plans, strategies, and projects) designed to accomplish specific goals in life.

Front 71

Sublimation

Back 71

According to Freud, any of a variety of socially acceptable activities such as work, play or philanthropic activities that represent a re-channeling of sexual energy into socially acceptable forms. In general, sublimation involves the substitution of a higher, more socially acceptable activity for a less socially acceptable one.

Front 72

Superego

Back 72

According to Freud, that part of the personality consisting of internalized social norms, values and ideals. Like the id, the superego is not rational. It serves the goal of perfection and attempts to appropriate ego activities to serve its goal.

Front 73

Synchronicity

Back 73

A term employed by Jung that describes unlikely simultaneous occurrences or events not easily explained by the usual principles of causality.

Front 74

Transference

Back 74

According to Freud, this term refers to emotional attachments that patients may develop for their therapists.