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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the timeline of important people who influenced our view of emotions? |
Aristotle- Galen - Descartes - Darwin - Freud - Watson - more comtemporary perspectives |
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What is important about what Aristotle said? |
He believed that you experienced anger if you made the appraisal that somebody did something injuste against you, it is about your perspective he also believed that anger could only be felt towards a specific person (today we know that that is not true) |
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What did Galen do? |
He created the theory of the 4 humors. He believed that there were four humors in your body and that the ratio of these humors in relation to each other influenced your behaviour and personality. He also beleived that the ratio of these humors could be influenced the external environment and stimuli These four humours are: blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile |
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What is the chart under which these four humours go? |
Strong will and strong feelings: yellow gale Strong will and weak feelings: blood Weak will and strong feelings: black gale Weak will and weak feelings: phlegm |
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What does yellow gale correspond to? |
irritable |
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What does blood correspond to? |
Sanguine (lively and active) |
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What does black bile correspond to? |
Melancholic (quiet and reflective) |
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What does phlegm correspond to? |
Phlegmatic (passive and difficult) |
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What did Descartes say/do of important? |
He focused on the mind and focused on this mind body dualism (he saw the body as mechanical and the pineal gland connected the body to the spiritual) this was the first time that the focus was on the mind |
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How did Descartes see humans and animals as being different? |
Humans have a pineal gland, which animals do not have |
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What did Charles Darwin do of important? |
He is the father of evolution |
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What is Darwin's three main ideas in his book the expression of emotions in man and animals? |
1) He saw sets of facial behaviours as expressions, and believed that expressions form the function of communicating information to others 2) Emotions are automatic (they are habits/reflexes formed without conscious intent) 3) One evolutionary link between humans and animals is emotions |
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How does Darwin consider emotions in humans now? |
- emotions are evolutionary "left overs" - they are automatic because of their evolutionary history - they no longer serve a function today, they are vestigial - we have them because they used to serve a purpose in our evolutionary species |
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What did Sigmun Freud do? |
He talked about the reasons for why we act and behave and think in certain ways (caused by the conflict between the id, ego and superego) today, we could look at it as the id controlling the basic emotions and the superego controlling the complex emotions |
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What did John Watson do? |
He believed that the only thing that mattered to psychology is behaviour he saw emotions as the reaction of operant conditioning (responses to the repeated pairings of unconditioned stimuli and conditioned responses) He sees emotions as habits (physical responses) |
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What is the James-Lang Theory? |
You experience something in your environment which triggers a physiological response and because you experience this physiological response you assume that you must be scared so the event causes the physical response which causes the subjective experience |
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What is the Cannon-Bard theory? |
The event causes the action, appraisal, and subjective experience all simultaneously they see components of emotion as occuring independently |
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What is Schatcher-Singer's Two factor theory? |
The physiological arousal influences the intensity of the emotional state, but not the specific emotional state it is the context and clues that are used to determine what emotional state you actually experience ex: confederate on a bridge experiment |
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The role of physiological responses was captured by: |
Darwin, James-Lang, Galen.. |
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Next lecture - Evolutionary Perspectives |
Wohoooo |
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What was the view of species before Darwin came along? |
They saw species as unchanging and made as they were by God |
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What is evolution? |
Evolution is any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations |
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Evolution can occur through: |
Mutation and Natural Selection |
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What influences natural selection? |
The effectiveness of a trait in enabling organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions |
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What is adaptive significance? |
The adaptiveness of a trait depends on how well it solves an evolutionary problem or struggle |
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What are the four points about natural selection? |
1) there are individual differences in physical and behavioural characteristics among organisms of the same species 2) there are struggles of life at some point in the lifespan 3) Individual differences in physical and behavioural characteristics must confer advantages for survival 4) The individuals that survive to reproduce will pass along their characteristics to their offspring |
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What are the Two categories of Darwinian struggles? |
Struggles for Existence (natural selection) Struggles for mates (sexual selection) - adaptations that enable us to reproduce |
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What are the 3 struggles for existence? |
- struggles with natural conditions of life - struggles with members of one's own species - struggles with other species |
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What are the 3 struggles for mates? |
- Competition amongst females - Competition amongst males - Female mate choice - Male mate choice |
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What is evolutionary psychology? |
It is a way of looking at any topic within psychology (it is a metatheoretical perspective that relates to evolution) |
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The couple in the video believe what about emotions? |
They believe that emotions are the adaptations that solve any problems that come our way |
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They see emotion as: |
Emotion is a superordinate program that coordinates many subprograms |
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they look at the mind as a ______ |
computer (analogy to see how different systems in the mind work together) |
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Each emotion activates other programs in response to triggering conditions that: |
- recurred ancestrally - required a superordinate program (no conflict among subprograms) - rich and reliable repeated structure - recognisable cues signalling their presence - potentially result in large fitness cost |
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What is the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness? (EEA) |
real: statistical composite of selection pressuresthat caused the genes underlying the designof an adaptation to increase in frequency untilthey became species-typical or stablypersistent less complicated: selective pressures that caused adaptive genes to become more frequent and eventually species typical |
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What did Timbergen do? |
He looked at how people studied different fields in psychology and decided that it would be more effective if they seperated into trying to answer for different categories |
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What are these four questions? |
Proximal Cause Ultimate Cause how? development Evolution why? Causation Function |
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Match the emotion to its evolutionary function Anger: |
Overcome an injustice |
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Sadness |
elicit interpersonal support |
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Guilt |
Maintain social relationships |
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fear |
increase attention to environment |
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disgut |
avoid harmful substances and people |
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Third Lecture |
Yayyy |
