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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When was behavior therapy designed and whY?
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1950's as a treatment for returning vets WWII
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Did psychoanalytic treatment work for large numbers of WWII vets?
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No it was lengthy and questioned efficacy of psychoanalysis
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What were the characteristics of behavioral therapy?
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scientific
active present focus learning focus individualized stepwise progression treatment packages brevity collaborative therapist client relationship many varieties of behavior therapy ethical issues |
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Is behavior therapy based on precision and empirical evaluation?A. Or is it expert opinion, case studies or testimonials?B.
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A. Scientific
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How is behavior therapy active?
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It's an action therapy where clients learn to do things, skills and apply to prob in life
-engage in therapy homework |
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Why do clients engage in homeworK?
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to enhance transfer of skills from the office to the real world
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What is it called that's the main focus of therapy where we focus on the here and now instead of the past?
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Present Focus
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*What is functional autonomy?
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factors associated with the onset of symptons are not necessarilty responsible for the maintenance of symptoms
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What is learning focus?
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behavioral problems develop, are maintained and are changed through the process of learning
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What are two aspects of learning focus?
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1. Inherited aspects of behavior are also influenced by learning
2. new adaptive behaviors are learned to replace, old maladptive ones |
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What is individualized in relation to behavior mod?
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although standardized treatment protocols have been established, they are individually tailored to the hneeds of the particular client.
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Nomothetic and idiographic are part of what? What do they mean?
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Individualized
-general knowledge about large numbers of people are flexibly applied to the -individual needs of the client |
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What is stepwise progressioN?
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behavioral therapies proceed in a stepwise fashion (baby steps)
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What are the two types of stepwise progression?
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1. simple to complex, easy to difficult (skill building)
2. less threatening to more threatening (fear hierarch) |
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What is it called when multiple behavior therapy interventions are often combined to increase effectiveness?
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treatment packages
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What is an example of treamte packages?
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-medications, diet and exercise
-relaxation training, cog restructuring and exporsure therapy |
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What is it called in behavior therapy that's relatively brief in duration more than other types of treatment?
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Brevity
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Brevity involves
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client trained on self control approach: initiate, conduct and evalutate own treatment and homework
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What is it called when a collaborative relationship is with mutual respect, trust and responsibilities?
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collaborative therapist client relationship
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What is included in a collaborative therapist client relationship?
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positive expectations, encouragement of risk taking and change, overcoming obstacles and quality of relationship
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Are there many varieties of behavior therapy?
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Yes, many faces of it
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What are the varieties of behavior therapy?
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positive reinforcement
modeling and behavioral rehearsal response cost cognitive restructuring stress inoculation training graduated in vivo exposure extinction and differential reinforcement of other behaviors |
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What are the general three goals of behavioral treatment?
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1. increase adaptive behaviors
2. decrease maladaptive behaviors 3. increase personal choice and effective living |
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Were behavior principles behing used for thousands of years, hundreds, or tens?
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thousands
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Who was the founder of behaviorism?
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John Watson. Focused only on observable
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What were two precusrsers to behaviorism?
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Pavlov and classical conditioning
Skinner and Throndike and operant conditioning (the law of effect) |
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When was the beginnning of contemporary behavior therapy
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1950's
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Who is associated with modeling and systematic desensitization in treatment of fear?
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Mary cover jones
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Who developed systematic desensitization?
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Wolpe
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Why was there a feud with psychoanalysts?
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over treateing here and now issues versus early childhood
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Are there many varieties of behavior therapy?
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Yes, many faces of it
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What are the varieties of behavior therapy?
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positive reinforcement
modeling and behavioral rehearsal response cost cognitive restructuring stress inoculation training graduated in vivo exposure extinction and differential reinforcement of other behaviors |
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What are the general three goals of behavioral treatment?
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1. increase adaptive behaviors
2. decrease maladaptive behaviors 3. increase personal choice and effective living |
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Were behavior principles behing used for thousands of years, hundreds, or tens?
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thousands
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Who was the founder of behaviorism?
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John Watson. Focused only on observable
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What event is associated with the notion that we can learn through imitation of others and the role of thinking in this learning, which paved the way for cognitive havioral therpay?
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1960's Bandura's social learning theory (observational learning)
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What is cognitive havioral therapy today?
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mainstream treatment
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What four aspects are part of the behavioral model?
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overt behavior, covert behavior, four modes of behavior, and inferring covert behavior from overt behavioral anchors
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Behavior that is directly observable by others: overt or covert?
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Overt
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Behavior that is not directly observable such as thinking, feeling, remembering and physiological: overt or covert?
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covert
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What do we use to infer cover behavior from overt behavioral anchors?
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traits
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What are traits?
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personality characteristics that we ATTRIBUTE to others and ourselves (friendly smar interesting)
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Do traits really exist?
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No, they are theoretical constructs that don't actually exist.
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What purpose do traits serve?
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convenient way s of describing people and are inferred from behaviors
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What are traits inferred from?
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behavior
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Do trait descriptions really provide a great deal of information?
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No. The provide generalizations rather than specific information
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What are more precise: trait descriptions or behavioral ones?
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Behavioral
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What is the definition of maintaining conditions?
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the specific antecedent events and subsequent consequences that influence an individual's behavior.
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What influence behavior
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maintaining conditions
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Are the original triggering conditions not the same as the current maintaining conditions for a given behavior?
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Yes, usually they are not the same
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What are the four types of maintaining antecedents?
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1. pre-reqs
2. prompts 3. setting events 4. expectations |
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What are maintaining antecedent events?
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the prereqs and stimulus control (situational cues) for performing a behavior
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What are prereqs?
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Resources, knowledge, skills needed to perform a behavior
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What two are included with stimulus controL?
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prompts and setting events
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What is a prompt?
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specific environmental stimuli or cues that trigger a behavior
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What are setting events?
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broad enviornmental events (ongoing) that affect the likelihood of a behavior
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What are expectations?
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Beliefs based upon past experienes that affect the likelihood of a behavior
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What antecedent does this relate to: the cues or conditions that set the stage for behaviors to occur, behaviors that are influenced by situational cues are said to be under stimulus control. Behaviors are situation specific
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stimulus control
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What are two types of stimulus control?
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Prompts and setting events
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Match: Prompts vs. Setting events:
cues to perform a behavior |
prompt
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Another word for prompt is
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command (or seeing something)
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Match: setting event vs. prompt
-environmental conditions or broader more complex conditions that elicit a behavior |
setting event
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What is an expectation?
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beliefs about the potentional consequences for performing a behavior (based on past experience or contingencies)
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Behavior includes
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adaptive, maladaptive, or neutral
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What is a circumstance where a goal directed maladaptive behavior is decreased without *replacing the maladaptive behavior with an adaptive behavior aimed at achieving the same goal?
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functional void
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What are maintaining consequences of behavior?
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what happens to client, others or the environment as a result of behavior
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_________ _________ determine whether the behavior will be performed again via expectations of consequences for future behavior
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maintaining consequences
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What becomes the antecedents for future behavior
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the expectations of consequences
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Can consequences be immediate or delayed?
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both
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What types of limits do heredity set on behavior
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braod: one can learn to sing better, but talent is limited on genetics
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What are the roles of past events on current behavior?
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present maintaining conditions versus past originating conditions: a critical distinction
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According to the behavioral model what cause our behavior?
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present conditions
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What role do our past experiences play in determining our current behaviors?
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past events only indirectly influence present behaviors.
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What directly cause present behaviors?
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maintaining conditions
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What type of effect do past events have on current behaviors according to behaviorists vs psychoanalytic?
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b: indirect
a: direct |
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What is the process of behavior therapy?
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1. clarifying the client's problem
2. formulating initial treatment goals 3. designing a target behavior |
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How many steps are there in the behavioral therapy process?
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8
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First we must narrow client description of their problems into one or two main problems to target in treatment. What is this called?
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clarifying the client's problem
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Second, client goals are formulated, reevaluated, and changed at various points during treatment
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formulating initial treatment goals
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How are goals formed?
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in a collaborative manner with client given primary responsibility for formulating goals, unless goals are unrealistic or would do harm
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Client goals are often fague so they must be operationalized. What does this mean?
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Redefined in measurable terms in terms of observable behaviors
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What is a target behavior?
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a narrow discrete aspect of the problem that is clearly defined and easily measured
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In designing a target behavior we must include what aspects?
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narrow in scope
unambiguously defined measurable appropriate for the problem and for client |
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What are some types of measures used to assess target behaviors?
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Frequency, time, intensity, amount of by product
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How many types of target behaviors are there and what are they?
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acceleration and deceleration target behaviors
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What are behavioral deficits?
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adaptive behaviors which the client is not performing often enough, long enough or strongly enough
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Maladaptive behaviors which the client is persorming too often, for too much time, or too strongly?
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behavioral excess (substance abuse)
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What occurs when the behavior is eliminated?
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functional and temporal void
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What is social validity?
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criteria for clinical significance: refers to generally accepted standards for adaptive and acceptable functioning. assessed by having appropriate people judge whether the client's behaviors following therapy are adaptive and acceptable. (how appropriate social interaction is)
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What does process research ask? and what does it entail?
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Why is a therapy succesful?
-uses quantitative and qualitative -contributes to refining |
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What is process research?
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research investigating the effective components of a given therapy package
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What is dismanteling research/?
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compares components of an already efficacious treatment
- what combo works best: like CBT |
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What is a repeated measurement of the natural occurence of the target behavior prior to the intro of a treatment and provides a standard to evaluate changes in target behavior after a treatement has been introduced?
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Baseline
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What is a single subject studies in which the treatment is applied to the target behavior and then is withdrawn temporarliy to determine whether the treatment is causing the change in target behavior?
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Reversal studies
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What is an ABA Reversal Study?
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single subject reversal study consisting of three phases; baseline (A), treatment (B), and Reversal to baseline (A)
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What is it when a TARGET BEHAVIOR change is acheived in treatment transfers from therapy to real world
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Transfer
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What is it when the target behavior change acheived in therapy impacts other aspects of client's life not specifically addressed in treatment?
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Generalization
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What is Practical or clinical signifiance?
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a. target behaviors are now within normal range (stats)
b. social validity or target behaviors are considered appropriate by knowldedgeable people |
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How palatable the therapy procedures are to the client: treatment acceptability or credibility?
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acceptibility
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How much the client believes that a given therapy makes sense for their problems that can work for them: acceptibility vs. credibility?
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credibility
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Assessment involving the use of two or more methods to gather ino about taget behaviors and maintaining conditions:
a. multi method assesment b. multi modal assesment |
a. multi method assessment
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What are some examples of multi method assessment?
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interview, direct self report, self monitoring and checklist
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What are some examples of multi modal assesssment?
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overt behavior, covert cognition and moods, and physiological behavior
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What are some pros and cons of behavioral assessment methods?
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1. individualized
2. present focus 3. direct assessment of relevant behaviors 4. narrow focus 5. integrated with treatment |
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What questions involve the behavioral interview?
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what, when, where, how, and how often NOT WHY
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What are the benefits of the behavioral interview?
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helps establish rapport
gain understanding of problems here and now selection of target behavs for treatment gather data about maintaining conditions education of client |
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What is a self report inventory?
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Face value questionare that measures a particular problem area: Beck depression inventory
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What are the benefits of self report inventory?
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good initial screening
used to measure change over treatment validity depends on clinets ability and willingness to provide honest and accurate answers |
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What's self recording?
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client's observing and keeping records of their target behaviors; efficient way to record frequency of target behaviors in natural environment (panic attacks)
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What is the phenomena in which the feq of a given target behavior changes because its observed or assessed?
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Reactivity (and its temp)
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If monitoring in self recording is pos feedback, then monitoring may serve as
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reinforcer
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What type of assessment is completed by others?
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Behavioral checklists and rating scales
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What type of assessment requires retrospective reports of target behavior? and sometimes A's and C's
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Bheav checklist and rating scale
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What is interrater reliability?
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behave diff with mom/dad
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What is systematic naturalistic observation?
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observation and recording of predetermined target behaviors in the clients natural environment
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What is simulated observation?
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observation and recording of predetermined target behaviors in therapists office but set up to resemble the client's natural envioronemnt
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What is when the clients enact a problem to provide the therapist with samples of how they typically behave in those situations
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Role playing
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When is role playing especially useful
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social skills and assertive behavior
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What is a potention limitation of role playing?
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transfer
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Physiological measurements can be important to
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treatment in biofeedback
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What types of problems to physiological measurement target?
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migraines, pain, hbp
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