Psych 3404 Exam 2

Front 1

when do boys start becoming bigger and taller than girls?

Back 1

preschool age

Front 2

parents may worry their preschooler isn't getting enough food because

Back 2

the growth rate during preschool years is smaller than during infancy, so kids need less food.

Front 3

encouraging children to eat more than they want may lead to

Back 3

obesity

Front 4

obesity

Back 4

body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a given height

Front 5

before age __, children are twice as likely to die from an injury as from an illness

Back 5

age 10

Front 6

dimensions age 2 vs age 6

Back 6

2: 25-30 lbs, 36 in tall.
6: 45 lbs, 46 in tall.

Front 7

how many colds and minor illnesses a year from age 3-5?

Back 7

7-10. most common is runny nose from cold.

Front 8

what is the most hazardous health risk for children under 6?

Back 8

lead poisoning

Front 9

effects of lead poisoning can be seen through

Back 9

aggression and delinquency in school aged children

Front 10

what grows at the fastest rate during the preschool years?

Back 10

the brain. +laterilization, +corpus collusm, +myelin

Front 11

laterilization of language in boys v girls during preschool

Back 11

boys have grater l hemisphere laterilization of language, girls more evenly divided. girls progress faster.

Front 12

activity level at age __ is higher than at any other time in life

Back 12

age 3

Front 13

brazelton begins there is no need to start potty training until signs are apparent the todler is ready. what are some of these sigs?

Back 13

-uhappiness with soiled diaper
-ability to stay dry after a nap
-predictable bowel movements
-asking to use toilet

Front 14

preoperational stage

Back 14

age 2-7. symbolic thinking grows, as does mental reasoning and use of concepts.

Front 15

operations (Piaget)

Back 15

organized, formal, logical mental processes

Front 16

symbolic function

Back 16

ability to use a word, symbol, or object to represent something that is not physically present. symbolic function depends on language.

Front 17

centration

Back 17

the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus, usually the superficial elements, and ignoring the rest. eg, rows of buttons, one spread out.

Front 18

conservation

Back 18

the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. Piaget suggested lack of conservation comes from a tendency towards centration

Front 19

transformation

Back 19

the process in which one state is change into another. eg, children can't understand that for a pencil to fall, it needs to go through a set of stages. they may see many worms in the forest and think they are the same, bc they dont realize a transformation would be necessary

Front 20

egocentrism

Back 20

thinking that doesn't take into account the viewpoints of others.

Front 21

intuitive thought

Back 21

thinking that reflects preschoolers use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world.

Front 22

functionality

Back 22

idea that actions, events, and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns

Front 23

identity

Back 23

understanding that certain things stay the same, regardless of changes in shape, size, or appearance.

Front 24

autobiographical memory

Back 24

memory about particular events from ones own life. this achieves little accuracy until age 3, then increases.

Front 25

scripts

Back 25

broad representations in memory of events and the order that they occur. scripted events are recalled with less accuracy than unscripted events. with age, scripts become more elaborate.

Front 26

zpd

Back 26

the zone of proximal development. where a child can almost, but not fully, perform a talk independently but can do it with some assistance.

Front 27

scaffolding

Back 27

the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

Front 28

cultural tools

Back 28

physical items and also intellectual and conceptual framework for solving problems.

Front 29

syntax

Back 29

the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences

Front 30

by age 6 vocabulary is acquired at a rate of

Back 30

1 new word every 2 hours, 24 hours a day.

Front 31

fast mapping

Back 31

new words are associated with their meaning only after a brief encounter

Front 32

children begin to ad -ed and possessive forms of nouns at age

Back 32

3

Front 33

grammar

Back 33

the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed

Front 34

private speech

Back 34

speech spoken by children that is directed at themselves. vygotsky suggested it is used to guide behavior and thought, to act as their own sounding boards

Front 35

pragmatics

Back 35

the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others. taking turns in conversation, sticking to one topic, what should and should not be said.

Front 36

social speech

Back 36

speech directed towards another person and meant to be understood by that person. develops after age 3.

Front 37

types of child care:

Back 37

-child care centers: provides care while parents at work. social and emotional goals.
-family child-care center: run out of homes. small. can be unlicensed
-preschool: designed to provide intellectual stimulation only 3-5 hours a day.
-school child care: pre k. aimed at underserved populations.

Front 38

vygotsky saw children learning through

Back 38

from parents and mentors. focuses on social/cultural world as source of cognitive development.

Front 39

average preschooler watches how much television

Back 39

21+ hours a week. 3/4 hours a day.

Front 40

Reggio Emilia

Back 40

italian montessori: stimulated, socratic method. asking questions back.

Front 41

what group of children have proportionally greater benefits from early education

Back 41

lower SES

Front 42

how many children per caregiver should be at child care center?

Back 42

no more than:
5-10 3 yr olds/care giver
7-10 4-5 yr olds/caregiver

Front 43

psychosocial development

Back 43

according to erikson, development that encompasses changes both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of them meaning of others behavior.

Front 44

what psychosocial stage do preschoolers shift into?

Back 44

children end autonomy v shame stage (potty training) and move towards initiative v guild stage.

Front 45

initiative v guilt

Back 45

age 3-6. conflict between the desire to act independently of their parents and guilt that comes if they don't succeed.

Front 46

self-concept

Back 46

identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual. preschoolers generally over-estimate their abilities.

Front 47

collectivist orientation

Back 47

individuals tend to regard themselves as parts of a larger social network in which they are responsible for others

Front 48

individualistic orientation

Back 48

emphasizes personal identity and uniqueness of the individual

Front 49

when can children consistently label people as male or female?

Back 49

age 2

Front 50

when do children start to prefer same-sex playmates?

Back 50

girls: age 2
boys; age 3

Front 51

when do beliefs in gender stereotypes become very pronounced?

Back 51

increasingly pronounced up to age 5, but become less rigid by age 7

Front 52

girls exposed to high levels of __ prenatally are morel likely to display "male" behavior than their sisters who were not exposed

Back 52

androgens

Front 53

gender identity

Back 53

a perception of oneself as male or female

Front 54

gender schema

Back 54

a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender.

Front 55

according to social learning approaches, how do children learn gender-related behavior and expectations?

Back 55

by observing others, like parents, siblings, teachers, etc.

Front 56

cognitive development theory

Back 56

kohlberg: believes rigidity in preschoolers ideas of gender is a reflection that gender is not based on biological factors, but on activity.

Front 57

gender constancy

Back 57

awareness that people are permanently male or female based on unchangeable, fixed factors. age 4-5.

Front 58

which comes first, gender schemas or gender constancy?

Back 58

gender schemas appear well before gender constancy.

Front 59

androgynous

Back 59

a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics thought to by typical of both sexes. Sandra Bem thought this was helpful to avoid such strict views of gender schemas

Front 60

at what age can children distinguish race?

Back 60

3-4 years

Front 61

at what age do friendships develop based on value of other person and rewards?

Back 61

age 3

Front 62

functional play

Back 62

simple, repetitive activities. doing something to be active rather than to create. 3 yrs.

Front 63

constructive play

Back 63

4 yrs. manipulate objects to produce or build something.

Front 64

parallel play

Back 64

children play with similar toys in a similar manner, but don't interact with each other

Front 65

onlooker play

Back 65

children watch others play

Front 66

associative play

Back 66

children interact with each other and share materials, although they are not doing the same thing or playing the same game

Front 67

cooperative play

Back 67

children genuinely play with each other taking turns, playing games, or devising contests.

Front 68

how does play shift throughout preschool?

Back 68

becomes increasingly imaginative

Front 69

when can kids understand that others have emotions?

Back 69

2 yrs

Front 70

when can kids know they are imagining something that's not physically present?

Back 70

3-4 yrs

Front 71

when do kids understand that people can be fooled by physical reality?

Back 71

age 4

Front 72

authoritarian parenting

Back 72

controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold. children tend to be withdrawn.

Front 73

permissive parenting

Back 73

provide lax and inconsistent feedback. children dependent and moody, low social skills.

Front 74

authoritative parents

Back 74

firm, setting clear and consistent limits. emotionally supportive. try to reason with children. children friendly, assertive, independent, cooperative.

Front 75

uninvolved parents

Back 75

show no interest in children. detached emotionally. children have disrupted emotional development, detached.

Front 76

cycle of violence hypothesis

Back 76

abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them to abuse and neglect their own children when adults

Front 77

psychological maltreatment

Back 77

parents or caregivers harm children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning. may be overt of due to neglect.

Front 78

childhood abuse can lead to changes in what brain structure

Back 78

limbic system, comprised of hippocampus and amygdala

Front 79

resilience

Back 79

the ability to overcome high-risk circumstances such as poverty, stress, or violence.

Front 80

resilient children have temperaments that

Back 80

evoke positive responses. they are affectionate, easy-going, and good-natured.

Front 81

race dissonance

Back 81

minority will go along with majority view. (ie, black will pick white doll) these views aren't internalized.

Front 82

what age to children develop activities to include others

Back 82

age 4

Front 83

spanking usually occurs due to

Back 83

unrealistic expectations for a child

Front 84

moral development

Back 84

refers to changes in people's sense of justice and what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues.

Front 85

Piaget's stages of morality

Back 85

-heteronomous morality: rules are seen as invariant and unchanging. 407 yrs.
-incipient cooperation: 7-10 yrs. learn actual rules acording to shared knowledge, but still a "right" way to play.
-autonomous cooperation: 10+. become aware rules change and are created by people. can change if everyone agrees.

Front 86

prosocial behavior

Back 86

helping behavior that benefits others.

Front 87

abstract modeling

Back 87

rather than always modeling behavior of others, older preschoolers begin to develop principles that underlie the behavior they observe.

Front 88

empathy

Back 88

understanding of what another individual feels. age 2-3, toddlers will share toys w others

Front 89

aggression

Back 89

intentional injury or harm to another person

Front 90

emotional self-regulation

Back 90

the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity. starting at 2 yrs, children can talk about feelings and start to engage in strategies to regulate.

Front 91

instrumental aggression

Back 91

aggression motivated by desire to obtain a concrete goal, such as play with a toy. higher in boys.

Front 92

relational aggression

Back 92

nonphysical aggression aimed at hurting another's feelings. higher in girls.

Front 93

preference for violence begins at age __ and correlates with a criminal conviction at age __

Back 93

preference for violence begins at age 8 and correlates with a criminal conviction at age 30

Front 94

physical changes during middle childhood

Back 94

2-3 in/yr, 5-7 lbs/yr.
only time when girls are taller than boys

Front 95

how many us children are obese?

Back 95

15%

Front 96

why do fine motor skills improve between 6-8?

Back 96

increase in myelin

Front 97

how many children have a psychological disorder that shows problems in middle childhood

Back 97

1/5

Front 98

what is the most common speech impediment in middle childhood

Back 98

stuttering

Front 99

dyslexia

Back 99

reading disability that causes misperception of letters, difficulty in spelling or sounding out, and left-right confusion

Front 100

concrete operational thought

Back 100

7-12 yr. characterized by active and appropriate use of logic. applies logical operations to concrete problems.

Front 101

severe and early loss of learning has been linked to

Back 101

problems with abstract thinking

Front 102

dysgraphia

Back 102

problems reading. stuttering, switching, etc.

Front 103

duscalculia

Back 103

difficulty with arithmetic

Front 104

how prevalent is adhd?

Back 104

~3-7% under 18.
diet can help.
no easy diagnostic test.

Front 105

decentering

Back 105

ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account.

Front 106

reversibility

Back 106

notion that transformations to a stimulus can be reversed.

Front 107

memory

Back 107

the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information

Front 108

during childhood, this type of memory improves

Back 108

short-term memory (working memory)

Front 109

metamemory

Back 109

understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood

Front 110

keyword strategy

Back 110

pairing two sets of words that sound alike

Front 111

cooperative learning

Back 111

children of different skill levels work together to achieve a common goal

Front 112

reciprocal teaching

Back 112

skim, ask questions, summarize, predict. then adopt role of teacher

Front 113

what kinds of language increase during middle childhood

Back 113

passive voice and if statements

Front 114

metalinguistic awareness

Back 114

an understanding of one's own language (5-6)

Front 115

bilingualism

Back 115

use of more than 1 language. often have higher iq, higher metalinguistic awareness

Front 116

phonological reading

Back 116

sounding out words by blending letters together

Front 117

code-based approaches to reading

Back 117

focusing on the skills that underlie reading

Front 118

whole language approach to reading

Back 118

exposed to whole language, guess meanings of words, will come naturally

Front 119

cultural assimilation model

Back 119

goal to assimilate individual cultural identities into an american culture

Front 120

pluralistic society model

Back 120

society made up of diverse, coequal groups

Front 121

bicultural identity

Back 121

schools support children's original identities while integrating them to dominant culture

Front 122

intelligence

Back 122

capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

Front 123

mental age

Back 123

typical intelligence levelof people at a given age

Front 124

physical age

Back 124

actual age of person taking iq test

Front 125

iq

Back 125

score that accounts for both mental and physical ages

Front 126

Binet's intelligence test

Back 126

iq test

Front 127

stanford-binet intelligence series

Back 127

american version of Binet's iq test, with age-appropriate items

Front 128

Wechsler intelligence scale for children

Back 128

breaks total score into verbal skills and performance skills. separate sections make it easier to find any problems the test-taker might have

Front 129

Kaufman assessment battery for children

Back 129

tests children's ability to integrate different kinds of stimuli simultaneously. great flexibility. allows test-giver to use alternative wording or gestures.

Front 130

g factor

Back 130

intelligence test for g, measuring intelligence as a single factor, as a unitary mental ability.

Front 131

fluid intelligence

Back 131

reflects information processing abilities, reasoning, and memory.

Front 132

crystalized intelligence

Back 132

cumulative information, skills, and strategies people have learned and can apply in solving problems.

Front 133

triarchic theory of intelligence

Back 133

in this model, three aspects of information processing denote intelligence: componential (how efficiently info is processed), experiential (insightful), and contextual (practical intelligence).

Front 134

industry vs. inferiority stage

Back 134

age 6-12. characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and others.

Front 135

how to children begin to view themselves in middle childhood?

Back 135

begin to view selves less in physical attributes and more in psychological attributes

Front 136

self-esteem

Back 136

an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation. emotionally oriented. NOT same as self-concept.

Front 137

how does self-esteem change throughout middle childhood?

Back 137

generally high at middle childhood but declines at age 12. decline as start new school, then rises again.

Front 138

what is the best way for parents to promote a child's self esteem?

Back 138

use authoritative parenting style

Front 139

how does race affect self-esteem?

Back 139

whites show higher SE initially, but as other races identify with their group around age 11, their SE grows higher than whites.

Front 140

social identity theory

Back 140

minority group membes are likely to accept the majority group's negative views only if they perceive that there is little possibility of changing the power and status differences between groups.

Front 141

preconventional morality

Back 141

people follow rigid rules based on punishments and rewards

Front 142

conventional morality

Back 142

people approach moral problems as good, responsible members of society.

Front 143

postconventional morality

Back 143

invoke universal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of their particular society.

Front 144

who came up with development of moral theory for girls

Back 144

Carol Gilligan

Front 145

what are the three stages of moral development in women

Back 145

1. orientation towards individual survival
2. goodness as self-sacrifice
3. morality of nonviolence

Front 146

3 stages of friendship

Back 146

1. basing friendship on others behavior (4-7)
2. basing friendship on trust (8-10)
3. basing friendship on psychological closeness (11-15)

Front 147

status

Back 147

the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group.

Front 148

higher status children have

Back 148

more access to games, toys, books, and information

Front 149

social competence

Back 149

the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings.

Front 150

social problem solving

Back 150

the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in mutually satisfactory ways

Front 151

how many bullies come from abusive homes

Back 151

about half

Front 152

border work

Back 152

behavior into the other gender's territory, often with romantic overtones. ie, threatening to kiss a boy

Front 153

dominance hierarchy

Back 153

rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group

Front 154

restrictive play

Back 154

restricting play if the dominance hierarchy becomes compromised. usually boys

Front 155

coregulation

Back 155

period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior

Front 156

self-care child

Back 156

children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretakers return from work

Front 157

blended families

Back 157

a remarried couple who has at least one stepchild living with them

Front 158

below grade __, there is no relationship between time on homework and academic achievement

Back 158

grade 5

Front 159

what age can children stop suddenly

Back 159

5 yrs

Front 160

what age can children ascend stairs alternating feet

Back 160

3 yrs

Front 161

can hop 4-6 steps 1 foot

Back 161

4 yrs

Front 162

running jump of 28-36 inches

Back 162

5 yrs

Front 163

descent stairway alternating feet

Back 163

5 yrs

Front 164

what age can skip

Back 164

6 yrs

Front 165

what age can do jumping jacks

Back 165

7 yrs

Front 166

what age can judge intercept directions of balls thrown from distance

Back 166

10 years

Front 167

what age can do high jump of 3 feet

Back 167

12 yrs