Psych 315 Drugs And Behavior Test 1

Front 1

What is a drug?

Back 1

A substance that, when taken into the body, alters the structure of functioning of the minds of our bodies (either by enhancing, inhibiting, or distorting), excluding those nutrients that are related to normal functioning.

Front 2

What are the top three most commonly used legal substances?

Back 2

Alcohol,Tobacco, and Caffeine

Front 3

What is a biopsychosocial model?

Back 3

An integrated model examining the combination of biological, psychological, and social factors that lead a person to drug use.

Front 4

What is a factor that involves biological, psychological, and social factors?

Back 4

Family Origin - affects all three, genetic predisposition in the family, increased stress, depression, and low self esteem, makes it incredibly available and peer pressure.

Front 5

What are the three factors that affect drug use?

Back 5

Biological - Genetic Predisposition
Social - Peer Pressure
Psychological - Depression

Front 6

What are the four factors that affect Drug Use?

Back 6

Pharmacological
Cultural
Social
Contextual

Front 7

What is a Pharmalogical Factor?

Back 7

How a particular drug affects the body -- Cocaine crossing the BBB faster than other drugs

Front 8

What is a cultural factor?

Back 8

How society's views are determined by custom and tradition -- Wearing nice clothing to a restraunt instead of going naked

Front 9

What is a Social Factor?

Back 9

Include specific reasons why a drug is taken, such as peer group members, family upbringing, membership in subcultures -- Peer Pressure

Front 10

What is a Contextual Factor?

Back 10

The physical surroundings where the drug is taken, a rock concert, nightclub, forest preserve, outdoors or indoors

Front 11

What are the two factors that can keep a person from using drugs or help them use drugs?

Back 11

Risk Factors and Protective factors, having more protective factors than risk factors will decrease your likliness for using drugs

Front 12

What are Risk Factors? Name some examples

Back 12

Tendency towards nonconformity
- irregular school attendance
poor relationships with parents
behavioral difficulties
peer pressure
drug availability
perception of risk/how much is involved

Front 13

What are Protective Factors? Name some examples?

Back 13

Keep a person safe
- Intact hoe environment (strong parent-child bond)
Positive educational experience
Conventional Peer Relationships
Close with People in and outside of the family (closeness to adult outside of family)
High self-esteem

Front 14

What are the two different types of drug use>

Back 14

Instrumental: a person is taking a drug with a specific socially-approved goal in mind
Recreational: a person is taking a drug for the sole purpose of experiencing its psychoactive properties

Front 15

What are the two Classifications of Drugs being Taken?

Back 15

Illegal or Illicit: the use of the drug is legally prohibited or limited by a prescription (marajyuana, cocaine, LSD, Use of Zoloft without perscription)
Licit: drug can be used at the person's discretion; sometimes limitations apply

Front 16

What is a Legal Instrumental Use for Drugs? (Example)

Back 16

Using Tylenol in order to get rid of a headache

Front 17

What is a Illegal Instrumental Use for Drugs? (Example)

Back 17

Using illegal performance enhancement steriods

Front 18

What is a Legal Recreational Use for Drugs?

Back 18

Drinking Coffee, or Going to the Bars when you are 21

Front 19

What is an Example of Illegal Recreational use?

Back 19

Taking Heroin or Cocaine...any type of drug that is illegal and that you want to get a high off of.

Front 20

What is the definition of Drug Misuse?

Back 20

The Unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over the counter types of drugs

Front 21

What are several examples of Drug Misuse?

Back 21

- Taking more than perscribed
- Using OTC or psychocactive drugs in excess without edical supervision
- Mixing drugs with alcohol or other types of drugs
- Using old medicines to self-treat new symptom of an illness
- Discontinuing prescribed drugs at will and/or against physician's orders

Front 22

Name which drugs match these histories:
- Accepting and oblivious in the beginning, prohibited between 1920 and 1933, after WW2 height of popularity and acceptance
0 considered romantic and sexy after ww2
- unknown before 1920s, became a symbol of the 60s, associated with hippies
- discovery of negative sides in the 19th century led to abandonent, rose to popularity again in the 80s associated with glamour and wealth,because cheap and smokable in 1985 and involved new poorer populations in abuse circle

Back 22

- Alcohol
- Nicotine
- Marajuana
- Cocaine

Front 23

The Michigan Monitoring Study was conducted every year since...It revealed that drug use prevalence peaked in ..., had a steady decline until ..., and then had a reversal upward until..., and a slight decline since then. In 2003 ...% reported use of an illicit drug over the previous year (compared to 54% in 1979)

Back 23

1975
1979
1993
2001
39%

Front 24

In the Michigan Monitoring Study, which drug was the most popular over the previous 12 Months? Which was the most popular over the previous 30 days?

Back 24

Marajuana (35%) was most popular over 12 months...Alcohol was most popular over 30 days (48%)

Front 25

What are characteristics of Schedule 1 Drugs? What are the Characteristics of Schedule 2 drugs?

Back 25

Schedule 1: have high abuse potential, have no current approval for medicinal uses and cannot be prescribed.
Schedule 2: have high-abuse potential, are approved for medicinal uses, can be prescribed (no prescription renewals)

Front 26

What are Schedule 3 Drugs? What are Schedule 4 Drugs? What are Schedule 5 Drugs?

Back 26

Schedule 3: have some potential for abuse, medical use may lead to low-to-oderate physical or high psychological dependence, can be prescribed up to 5 renewals within 6 months
Schedule 4: have low potential for abuse, have accepted medical use, are freely prescribed
Schedule 5: have minimal potential for abuse, widespread medical use, minimal control for selling

Front 27

What are the 4 strategies for Preventing Drug Abuse?

Back 27

Supply Reduction
Demand Reduction
Zero-Tolerance
Harm Reduction Policy

Front 28

What is Supply Reduction? Give an example.

Back 28

- Using drug laws to control the manufacturing and distribution of classified drugs: Having a law against the sales of marajuana

Front 29

What is Demand Reduction? Give an example?

Back 29

Aims to reduce the actual demand for drugs by working mainly with youth and teaching the to resist drugs: Having programs after school for children to go to

Front 30

What is Zero-Tolerance?

Back 30

The objective is to totally eliminate illicit drug-taking behavior.

Front 31

What is the Harm Reduction Policy?

Back 31

The objective is to minimize the medical, psychological, and social costs associated with drug-taking behavior.

Front 32

What are the three types of Drug Violence? Describe each one.

Back 32

Pharmacological - acts of violence committed while under the influence of a particular drug: Alcoholic beating his wife
Economically Compulsive: acts of violence that are committed by the drug abuser to secure money to buy drugs - mugging someone to get drug money
Systemic: acts of violence committed by aggressive behaviors within a network of illicit drug trafficking and distribution - killing someone because they didn't deliver the goods

Front 33

Concerning Drugs, what is the primary responsibility of the FDA?

Back 33

The FDA and Cosmetic act force require that all new drugs be registered with and approved by the FDA. They are required to
- ensure the rights and safety of human subjects during clinical testing
- evaluate the safety and efficacy of new treatments
- compare benefits and risks of new drugs and determine approval

Front 34

What are the Dendrites?

Back 34

Short branch structures that recieve and conduct info to cell bodies

Front 35

What are Axons?

Back 35

Long large fibers that NT travels down and ends in terminal button and conducts away from the cell body

Front 36

What is the Synapse?

Back 36

Special junction where cells of the NS signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells.

Front 37

What are the Terminal Butons?

Back 37

Exist at the ends of the branches that divide out from the axon. Recieve the message transferred from the axon, store them in their vesicles and are responsible for secreting these transmitter substances.

Front 38

What are Neurotransmitters? What are they refered to as, and what is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory?

Back 38

Chemical substances manufactured in the cell body that communicate information at the synapse.
Referred to as the first messenger molecule
Excitatory activate adjacent neurons and inhibitory reduce the activity of adjacent neurons.

Front 39

What is Conduction? What is Transmission? These process begin how? What do these process result in (what ultimately occurs in order to get something to happen?)

Back 39

C - the process of impulse movement along the axon.
T - the passage of the impulse across the synaptic space.
Porcess are started with stimulation of cell which is activated by hormones.
Activation results in a brief change in electrical potential from the cell's resting state (an action potential).

Front 40

After an action potential is initiated, what happens?

Back 40

The action potential is converted into a nerve impulse.
Neurotransmitters are transported down the axon for storage in tiny containers (vesicles)
The action potential stimulates the vesicles to migrate towards the cell membrane, fuse with it, and for a microsecond create a pore, discharging the neurotransmitter into the synapse.

Front 41

At the nerve ending, what critical function do nerve impulses perform? What do Presynaptic Neurons do? Postsynaptic Neurons?

Back 41

At the nerve ending, the nerve ipulse causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse. The Presynaptic Neuron releases the Neurotransmitter whereas the Postsynaptic Neuron recieves the Neurotransmitter.

Front 42

What do Neurotransmitters do once released from the presynaptic Neuron?

Back 42

They deliver stimulation across the synapse, bind to specific receptors, and are the primary means by which one nerve cell communicates and influences the functioning of other neurons.

Front 43

What is a receptor? What is an agonist? What is an antagonist?

Back 43

A receptor is a fairly large molecule that is present on the surface of or within a cell that furnishes the site where neurotransitters induce their normal biological effects.
An agonist is a drug that facilitates the action of the neurotransmitter
An antagonist is a drug that inhibits the normal physiological action of the neurotransmitter by blocking access to this transmitter to the binding site.

Front 44

What type of effect does dopamine have? What are the CNS changes it causes? What drugs are abused because of it?

Back 44

Inhibitory and Excitatory
Euphoria, agitation, paranoia
Amphetamines, cocaine

Front 45

What is GABA? What type of effect does it have, what are the CNS changes it causes, What drugs are abused because of it?

Back 45

Inhibitory, Sedation, relazation, drowsiness, depression
Alcohol, Benzodiazepines, and barbituates

Front 46

What is Serotonin? What type of effect does it have, what CNS changes does it cause, and what are the drugs of abuse?

Back 46

Serotonin is inhibitory, it causes sleep, relaxation, and sedation, and it is abused by LSD.

Front 47

What is acetylcholine, what type of effect does it have, what CNS changes does it cause, and what drugs are abused by it?

Back 47

It is excitatory and inhibitory, it creates mild euphoria, excitation, and insomnia, abused by nicotine and tobacco.

Front 48

What are Endorphins? What type of effect do they have, what are the CNS changes they cause, and what types of drugs are abused by them?

Back 48

Inhibitory, Cause mild euphoria, block pain, and slow respiration, are abused by Narcotics.

Front 49

What is the definition of Pharacodynamics?
What is the definition for Pharacokinetics?

Back 49

How a drug affects the body.
What occurs when you take the drug, bodies effect on the drug.

Front 50

What are the 5 pharmokinetic factors>

Back 50

1. Administration (where it goes in)
2. Absorbtion (where it affects the body)
3. Distribution (where it goes throughout the body)
4. Biotransformation (what the body is able to turn it into)
5. Excretion (how it leaves the body, how long that takes)

Front 51

What are the various ways to administer drugs (and list examples of drugs for each)

Back 51

Oral - everything
Rectal ...
Inhalation - Tobacco, Crack Cocaine, Spray Paint
Parenteral (Injection) - Insulin and Heroin
Mucous Membranes - LSD, Chaw - eye drops
Skin - Patches, Burn Ointment

Front 52

What are the 4 various barriers that a drug has to pass to reach its site of action?

Back 52

1. The Cell Membrane
2. The Capillaries Walls
3. The Blood Brain Barrier
4. Placental Barrier

Front 53

What is Metabolism? And what are several routes for elimination of drugs in the body?

Back 53

Biotransformation of a drug into metabolites: happens in the liver.
- Urination
- Saliva
- Sweat
- Breast Milk
- Exhalation
- Bile

Front 54

What is a Drugs Half Life? Which drug has an exception to the Half Life Rule?

Back 54

The length of tie it takes for a drug to be reduced to 50% of its equilibrilum level in the bloodstream. Each period the reaining 50% is eliminated. Half-life elimination is the general principle of drug elimination from the body.
Alcohol - a constant amount is metabolized per hour, regardless of the absolute amount of alcohol present in blood