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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Self-fulfilling prophesies |
Expectations about a person cause him or her to behave in ways that confirm the expectations |
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Imaginary audience |
The belief adolescents have that everyone is watching them. Comes from heightened sense of self-consciousness that you imagine that your behavior is the focus of everyone else's attention |
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Metacognition |
The process of thinking about thinking itself |
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Deductive reasoning |
Logical reasoning in which you draw logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises, or givens. Ex: all hockey players wear mouth guards Kim is a hockey player Does Kim wear a mouth guard? |
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Personal fable |
An adolescent's belief that his or her experiences are unique "No one has experienced what I have" |
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Piaget's 1st stage of cognitive development |
Sensorimotor period (Birth to about age 2) - experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, grasping) New developments: object permanence & stranger anxiety |
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Piaget's 2nd stage of cognitive development |
Preoperational stage (age 2 to about age 5) - learns to use language and represent objects by images and words. Using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. New developments: pretend play and egocentrism |
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Piaget's 3rd stage of cognitive development |
Concrete operations (from age 6 until early adolescence) - thinking logically about concrete events New developments: conservation, mathematical transformation |
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Piaget's 4th stage of cognitive development |
Formal operations (adolescence through adulthood) - reasoning abstractly New developments: abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning |
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fMRI |
Functional magnetic resonance imaging - technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task |
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Neurottansmitters |
Specialized chemicals that carry electrical impulses between neurons |
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Synapse |
The gap in space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses |
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Synaptic pruning |
Process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing |
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Myelination |
The process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin, which improves the efficiency of information processing |
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Prefrontal cortex |
The region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities - such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks and rewards, and controlling impulses. |
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Limbic system |
An area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment |
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Child protectionists |
People who argued, early in the 20th century, that young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good |
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Youth |
Today, a term used to refer to individuals ages 18 to 22, it once referred to individuals 12 to 24 |
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Inventionists |
Theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention |
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Status offense |
A violation of the law that pertains to minors but not adults |
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Self-fulfilling prophecy |
The idea that individuals' behavior is influenced by others' expectations for them |
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Autoritative parenting style |
Warm but firm |
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Authoritarian |
Restrictive, obedience |
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Indulgent |
Accepting, benign |
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Indifferent |
Uninvolved |
