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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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George Kelly Bio |
Only child of a presbytarian minister. went to friends university in Scotland. Clinical psychology |
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George Kelly assumptions |
1. phenomenological 2. all people are scientists (hypothesis, test etc) 3. stresses the cognitive interpretation of an event. interpretation is key. |
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George Kelly's constructive alternativism. 3 steps. |
1. an event is open to a variety of interpretation 2. behavior is not determined because we are free to reinterpret our experience 3. No reality outside of our interpretation. |
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Georgy Kelly's personal constructs |
personality is a template for how we construe meaning (construct interpretation) |
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Georgy Kelly Why do we have different personalities? |
because of different constructs |
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George Kellys personal construct theory. |
we develop personal constructs consisting of polar opposites (fair-unfair, exciting-dull, smart-unintelligent) to understand our world. |
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George Kellys fundamental postulate |
a persons processes are psychologically channelized by the way in which he or she anticipates events. |
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George Kelly "What is crucial to behavior?" |
The way someone predicts the future. |
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Kelly's concept of guilt |
We play many roles in our lives. There are several core roles. Guilt happens when we deviate from what we expect in one of our core roles. Guilt is NOT value laden. It is subjectively interpreted. |
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Carl Rogers bio |
born and raised in christian home. Clinical psychology at columbia. Opened door for councelling psych. (most influential therapist. Started human potential, self help, encounter groups. |
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Carl Rogers chief promise |
Only we ourselves can know and choose our proper direction in life. |
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What kind of meaning did Carl Rogers put on the person |
Phenomenological- personal meaning. We cannot put our own meaning on others. have to see things from their view. persons perspective is key to understand that person. |
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Carl Rogers Basic Motivation. 4 steps. |
1. Grow and enhance self potential "actualizing tendency" 2.teleological- purposeful strivings. 3.organismic valuing subjective evaluation to know what is right/wrong for individuals. 4.Feelings facilitate organismic valuing- learn to trust and experience them fully. |
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Carl Rogers self concept |
the perceptions values and relationships you attribute to yourself. Who am I? |
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Carl Rogers Congruence |
ones self concept and ones experience are consistent and in agreement. (no tension) |
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Carl Rogers incongruence |
lack of agreement and inconsistency between self and experience (distortion) |
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Carl Rogers 3 key terms |
1. Self concept 2. congruence 3. incongruence |
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Carl Rogers two basic needs for children |
positive regard and positive self regard. |
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2 types of positive regard |
Unconditional positive regard.- positiv regard given no matter what behaviour is or values. NOT contingent Conditional positive regard- positive regard that is contingent upon behaviour. If this.. then that... ideals. |
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Carl Rogers conditions of worth |
only acceptable under certain conditions |
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Carl Rogers introject |
values of others. wants approval. alienated from our own organismic valuing process. incongruent with ideal self. |
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Positive self regard: |
personal belief and value in ones self. Comes naturally if we gain positive regard from others. |
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Unhealthy development, psychopathology (Carl Rogers.) |
conditions of worth failure to actualize own potential anxiety, vulnerable self concept Defensive, confusion, inner alienation. |
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3 steps to Healthy development (Carl Rogers) |
1. unconditional positive regard from self and others. 2. Self concept in congruent. 3. lack of distortion, be real no ideal |
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Fully functioning person (Carl Rogers) |
Open to experience, non defensive, can validate feelings. existential living organismic trust experiential freedom creativity |
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Existential living |
living in the moment, accepting life as it is, flexible, fresh, spontaneous. |
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organismic trust |
trust oneself and inner direction (organismic valuing) |
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experiential freedom |
choice, responsibility, risk |
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Creativity |
constructive, productive, generative |
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Rogers views on self actualization |
He would not call someone self actualized but say they are living at the highest level. They are fully functioning. |
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B.F Skinner Bio |
Decent family life, no physical punishment. invented a lot. wanted to be writer. influenced by John Watson. Believed in no nature only nurture. |
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Skinners 3 basic beliefs |
all behaviour is determined behaviour can be controlled (cause and effect) personality is observable behaviour |
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Classical conditioning. Pavlov |
Association-two experiences or events repeatedly found together.affected by arousal level, timing, and intensity |
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5 parts of learned behaviour evoked by stimulus (passive) |
Neutral stimulus unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus conditioned response |
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Neutral stimulus |
does not evoke a reponse |
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unconditioned stimulus |
elicits a reflexive reaction |
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unconditioned response |
regular reaction to unconditioned stimulus. unlearned and biological |
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conditioned stimulus |
NS and US so that it elicits a response. |
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conditioned response |
learned reaction to conditioned stimulus |
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operant conditioning- Skinner |
consequences affect behaviour. |
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Reinforcement |
an event that follows behaviour that increases reoccurrence of behaviour. It strengthens response. |
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Positive reinforcement |
reward then stimulus. presented after a behavoiur |
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negative reinforcement |
averse stimulus removed after behaviour |
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not punishment: |
aversive action decreases the probability of response. Problem: temporary results promotes emotional responses creates conflict. |
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Shaping |
to reinforce a behaviour it has to occur method of successive approximations |
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2 types of Schedules of reinforcement |
continuous reinforcement partial reinforcement |
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Continuous reinforcement |
reinforcement follows behaviour every time problem: does not parallel real life. |
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Partial Reinforcement. 4 parts |
related to time/interval 1. fixed interval 2. fixed ratio 3. variable interval 4. variable ratio |
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fixed interval |
Reinforcement given for first response. alter prescribed interval time. (eg. paychecks, exams) |
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fixed ratio |
Reinforcement occurs after fixed number of responses. (eg. commission sales) |
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Variable interval |
interval reinforcement is random: slow steady response. eg. fishing. highly resistant to extinction. |
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variable ratio |
reinforcement after random number of responses. Never known. eg. gambling. high response rate. very resistant to extinction. |
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Superstition + prayer Indiscriminate reinforcement |
independent of behaviour but people make a false connection. |
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Maslow bio |
Difficult childhood. bad athlete married cousin bertha first child parade after pearl harbour devoted self to highest needs and capacities |
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Maslows assumptions |
humans are intrinsically good. humans have a tendency to reach their full potential |
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Maslows Human Motivations |
urge to grow. we are a wanting animal, different because we keep moving and keep wanting. |
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Maslows two kinds of needs |
Deficiency needs being needs |
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Deficiency needs |
tension reducing needs. eg. thirst, safety, food. relate to physical survival. very powerful (127 hours) |
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Being needs |
Meta motivation. tension increasing, enrich life. desire to grow. not as urgent not hierarchical. eg. truth, goodness, richness, unity, uniqueness |
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Maslows hierarchy of needs. |
psychiological needs safety needs belonging and love esteem needs self actualization needs |
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Psyiological needs |
deficiency need. strongest need. food, water, sleep, sex |
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safety needs |
deficiency need. order stability, predictablility. trust and security. enables risk |
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belonging and love needs |
deficiency need. feeling wanted, loved, connected. self help, or support groups. |
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D-Love vs. B-love |
D-love is selfish immature. B-love is giving, potent, mature. |
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esteem needs |
deficiency need. self esteem. personal sense of worth, confidence, ability. other esteem: respect and recognition from others. needs to be realistic. |
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self actualization needs |
Being need motivated to be all we can be. maximize unique potential. what stops us: jonah complex, rejection, fear, inadequate parenting, lack of freedom. only 1% attain it |
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self actualization 3 clusters |
being an open person belief system balance between individuation and social awareness |
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Being an open person |
realistically oriented to the world freshness of appreciation acceptance of self and others able to engage in humor mystical or peak experience full of spontaneity |
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Strong belief system |
Have a goal or mission exceptional ethical awareness |
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Balance between individuation and social awareness |
individuated side:quality of detachment. sense of autonomy resistance to culture. Social side:strong democratic values. deep identification with others. profound interpersonal relations. qualifications: not perfect, motivation is growth oriented. |
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Self actualization and sanctification |
Christian theology: Justification, regeneration, sanctification. Takes faith, and union with christ and you will see fruits of the spirit. |
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Triggers to peak experience |
beauties of nature, moments of quiet reflection music physical exercise creative work prayer sex worshipping God |
