Psych 2: Chapter 13

Front 1

Social psychology

Back 1

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Front 2

Attribution theory

Back 2

The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

Front 3

Fundamental attribution error

Back 3

The tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Front 4

Attitude

Back 4

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Front 5

Peripheral route persuasion

Back 5

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Front 6

Central route persuasion

Back 6

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Front 7

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 7

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Front 8

Role

Back 8

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Front 9

Cognitive dissonance theory

Back 9

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Front 10

Conformity

Back 10

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Front 11

Normative social influence

Back 11

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Front 12

Informational social influence

Back 12

Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Front 13

Social facilitation

Back 13

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Front 14

Social loafing

Back 14

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Front 15

Deindividuation

Back 15

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Front 16

Group polarization

Back 16

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Front 17

Groupthink

Back 17

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Front 18

Prejudice

Back 18

An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Front 19

Discrimination

Back 19

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Front 20

Just-world phenomenon

Back 20

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Front 21

Ingroup

Back 21

"Us"-people with whom we share a common identity

Front 22

Outgroup

Back 22

"Them"- those perceived as different or apart from! Our ingroup

Front 23

Ingroup bias

Back 23

The tendency to favor our own group

Front 24

Scapegoat theory

Back 24

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Front 25

Other-race-effect

Back 25

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias

Front 26

Aggression

Back 26

Any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Front 27

Frustration-aggression principle

Back 27

The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression

Front 28

Social script

Back 28

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Front 29

Mere exposure effect

Back 29

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Front 30

Passionate love

Back 30

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Front 31

Companionate love

Back 31

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Front 32

Equity

Back 32

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Front 33

Self-disclosure

Back 33

The act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Front 34

Altruism

Back 34

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Front 35

Bystander effect

Back 35

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Front 36

Social exchange theory

Back 36

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Front 37

Reciprocity norm

Back 37

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Front 38

Social-responsibilty norm

Back 38

An expectation that people will help those needing their help

Front 39

Conflict

Back 39

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Front 40

Social traps

Back 40

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Front 41

Mirror-image perceptions

Back 41

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Front 42

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 42

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Front 43

Superordinate goals

Back 43

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Front 44

GRIT

Back 44

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions