Psych 111 Final

Front 1

fundamental attribution error

Back 1

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Front 2

normative social influence

Back 2

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Front 3

bystander effect

Back 3

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Front 4

mere exposure effect

Back 4

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Front 5

social facilitation

Back 5

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Front 6

James-Lange Theory

Back 6

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Front 7

SSRI's

Back 7

selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors--allow seratonin--allows seratonin to do it's job by keeping it from being absorbed into the synapse, like prozac

Front 8

depression _____ aggression and _____ risk-taking

Back 8

inhibits; inhibits

Front 9

those who talk to suicide

Back 9

few attempt; few succeed

Front 10

delusions

Back 10

crazy thoughts/ideas

Front 11

hallucinations

Back 11

faulty sensory interpretation

Front 12

somatoform disorders

Back 12

psychological disorders characterized by physical symptoms without a biological base

Front 13

displacement

Back 13

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirection anger toward a safer outlet; i.e. mad at boss, kick dog

Front 14

projection

Back 14

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to to others

Front 15

conditioned response

Back 15

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Front 16

conditioned stimulus

Back 16

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with a unconditional stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Front 17

unconditioned response

Back 17

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Front 18

unconditioned stimulus

Back 18

in classical conditioning that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response

Front 19

acquisition

Back 19

stage in which response is established a gradually strengthened

Front 20

role of cognitive processes

Back 20

remember and expect, know the sound of thunder comes after lightning

Front 21

hallucinations

Back 21

faulty sensory interpretation

Front 22

somatoform disorders

Back 22

psychological disorders characterized by physical symptoms without a biological base

Front 23

displacement

Back 23

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirection anger toward a safer outlet; i.e. mad at boss, kick dog

Front 24

projection

Back 24

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to to others

Front 25

conditioned response

Back 25

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Front 26

conditioned stimulus

Back 26

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with a unconditional stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Front 27

unconditioned response

Back 27

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Front 28

unconditioned stimulus

Back 28

in classical conditioning that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response

Front 29

acquisition

Back 29

stage in which response is established a gradually strengthened

Front 30

role of cognitive processes

Back 30

remember and expect, know the sound of thunder comes after lightning

Front 31

law of effect

Back 31

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Front 32

variable-ratio

Back 32

lottery tickets

Front 33

fixed-ratio

Back 33

reinforcement after a fixed number

Front 34

mirror neurons

Back 34

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy

Front 35

Albert Bandura

Back 35

observational learning, bobo doll experiments

Front 36

violence viewing effect

Back 36

desensitization and imitation

Front 37

short-term memory

Back 37

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Front 38

spacing effect

Back 38

distributed studying yields better long-term retention

Front 39

recency effect

Back 39

last items are remembered best is recalled soon after

Front 40

priming

Back 40

say rabbit spell hare instead of hair

Front 41

encoding

Back 41

the processing or information into the memory system for example, by extracting meaning

Front 42

storage

Back 42

the retention of encoded information over time

Front 43

retrieval

Back 43

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Front 44

misinformation effect

Back 44

words used i.e. was there glass when the cars smashed into each other vs. when the bumped into each other

Front 45

serial position effect

Back 45

first items in a list typically remembered the next day

Front 46

what do highly intelligent children have more so than their less intelligent counterparts

Back 46

neural plasticity

Front 47

Binet and Simon

Back 47

reasoning skills

Front 48

validity

Back 48

measures what it says it's measuring

Front 49

reliability

Back 49

consistency

Front 50

heritability

Back 50

percent of variation attributable to genetics

Front 51

encoding

Back 51

the processing or information into the memory system for example, by extracting meaning

Front 52

storage

Back 52

the retention of encoded information over time

Front 53

retrieval

Back 53

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Front 54

misinformation effect

Back 54

words used i.e. was there glass when the cars smashed into each other vs. when the bumped into each other

Front 55

serial position effect

Back 55

first items in a list typically remembered the next day

Front 56

what do highly intelligent children have more so than their less intelligent counterparts

Back 56

neural plasticity

Front 57

Binet and Simon

Back 57

reasoning skills

Front 58

validity

Back 58

measures what it says it's measuring

Front 59

reliability

Back 59

consistency

Front 60

heritability

Back 60

percent of variation attributable to genetics

Front 61

stereotype threat

Back 61

self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Front 62

Spearman

Back 62

single intelligence factor

Front 63

Sternberg

Back 63

three intelligences

Front 64

erotic plasticity

Back 64

women tend to be more changeable in sexual orientation than do men

Front 65

drive-reduction theory

Back 65

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Front 66

hindsight bias

Back 66

after learning something thinking of course that's the case

Front 67

three key attitudes of science

Back 67

curiosity, skepticism, humility

Front 68

Acetylcholine

Back 68

enables muscle action, learning, and memory, with Alzheimer's ACh-producing neurons deteriorate

Front 69

Dopamine

Back 69

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion,

Front 70

excess dopamine

Back 70

schizophrenia

Front 71

dopamine deprived

Back 71

Parkinson's

Front 72

Seratonin

Back 72

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Front 73

lack of seratonin

Back 73

depression, prozac raises seratonin levels

Front 74

Norepinephrine

Back 74

helps control alertness and arousal, undersupply can depress mood

Front 75

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Back 75

major inhiborty neurotransmitter

Front 76

lack of GABA

Back 76

linked to seizures, epilepsy, insomnia

Front 77

Glutamate

Back 77

major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory

Front 78

oversupply of glutamate

Back 78

can overstimulate brain causing migraines or seizures

Front 79

gender identity

Back 79

one's sense of being male or female

Front 80

order of sensory transmission

Back 80

dendrite, cell body, axon

Front 81

brainstem

Back 81

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where to spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

Front 82

medulla

Back 82

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

Front 83

reticular formation

Back 83

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

Front 84

thalamus

Back 84

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Front 85

cerebellum

Back 85

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions incude processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

Front 86

limbic system

Back 86

neural system (including hippocampus, amygdala, and hypthalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drive

Front 87

amygdala

Back 87

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion, rage and fear, processing emotion memories

Front 88

hypothalamus

Back 88

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Front 89

cerebral cortex

Back 89

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing cebter

Front 90

frontal lobes

Back 90

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead, involved in muscle movements and in making plans and judgments; Phineas Gage

Front 91

parietal lobes

Back 91

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

Front 92

occipital lobes

Back 92

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

Front 93

temporal lobes

Back 93

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

Front 94

motor cortex

Back 94

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

Front 95

production of endorphins increases with _____ and decreases with _____

Back 95

exercise; drug use, esp. heroin

Front 96

effects of drug use on neurotransmitters

Back 96

decreases brains ability to make its own

Front 97

preconventional morality

Back 97

do what's right to avoid punishment

Front 98

conventional

Back 98

do what's right because it's the law

Front 99

postconventional morality

Back 99

higher level, abstract

Front 100

crystallized intelligence

Back 100

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Front 101

fluid intelligence

Back 101

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Front 102

assimilation

Back 102

interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

Front 103

accommodations

Back 103

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Front 104

place theory

Back 104

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas's membrane is stimulated

Front 105

gestalt

Back 105

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologist emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Front 106

Young-Hemholtz Theory

Back 106

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors--one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue--which when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color