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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Memory
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The ability to store and retrieve information over time.
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Encoding
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The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
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Storage
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The process of maintaining information in memory over time
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Retrieval
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The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
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Elaborative Encoding
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The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory
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Visual Imagery Encoding
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The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
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Organizational Encoding
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The act of categorizing information by noticing the relationships among a series of items
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Memory Storage
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The process of maintaining information in memory over time
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Sensory Memory Store
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The place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less
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Iconic Memory
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A fast-decaying store of visual information
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Echoic Memory
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A fast-decaying store of auditory information
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Short-term Memory Store
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A place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
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Rehearsal
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The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it
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Chunking
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Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory
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Working Memory
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Active maintenance of information in short-term storage
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Long-term Memory Store
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A place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks, or years
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Anterograde Amnesia
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The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store to the long-term store
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Retrograde Amnesia
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The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation
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Long-term Potentiation (LTP)
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Enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections
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Retrieval Cue
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External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
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Encoding Specificity Principle
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The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded
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State-dependent Retrieval
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The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
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Transfer-appropriate Processing
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The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later
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Explicit Memory
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The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences
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Implicit Memory
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The influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them
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Procedural Memory
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The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how," to do things
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Priming
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An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus
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Semantic Memory
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A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
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Episodic Memory
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The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
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Transience
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Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
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Retroactive Interference
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Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier
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Proactive Interference
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Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later
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Absentmindedness
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A lapse in attention that results in memory failure
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Prospective Memory
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Remembering to do things in the future
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Blocking
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A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
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Memory Misattribution
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Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
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Source Memory
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Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired
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Suggestibility
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The tendency to icforporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
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Bias
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The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
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Persistence
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The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
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Flashbulb Memories
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Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
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