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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paradox |
A statement or situation that seems contradictory. Ex: technology improved medicine, but makes it easier for misinformation to be spread |
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Self realization programs |
EST Training Very draining (long hours) Large group Change your life around. Change belied system |
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Self Help Books |
More motivational than explicit directions |
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Codependency (3) |
Puts another persons needs first. Feeds into the dependent person. Anyone who let's another persons addictive behavior affect them, and is obsessed with controlling that behavior. |
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Ego Boundaries. What is it and 2 examples |
What is and what is not me. Codependents dont have a good one and they move into someone else's life innapropriately. Physical/mental boundaries are off. You cant hit me, but you can verbally abuse me. |
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Empiricism (2) |
The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation. Advatage: Clarity and percision |
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Independent variable |
The one that's manipulated |
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Dependent variable |
The one that you measure when the experiment is over. Thought to be affected by the manipulations of the independent variable. |
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If ____ then ____. |
IV (independent variable) DV (dependent variable) |
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Experimental group with a control group |
Shows for certain cause/effect without nuisance variables |
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Random sampling |
Advantage: random. Not special or different Disadvantage: need large numbers, so more expensive |
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Correlation |
When two variables are related to one another. NOT CAUSE AND AFFECT. |
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Positive correlation |
As one goes up, the other goes up |
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Negative correlation |
As one goes up, the other goes down |
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Zero correlation |
No relation |
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Correlation strength |
Indicated by a correlation coefficient. -1.0➡️0➡️+1.0 |
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Naturalistic observation |
Observing in the natural environment w/o affecting the results |
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Case studies |
An in depth investigation on an individual |
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Survey |
Large random samples. Representative samples |
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Personality |
An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits |
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Trait |
A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations |
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The big 5 |
Extraversion, neurocentrism, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness |
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Freud |
Psychodynamic. Most of your mind is unconscious |
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The important ages? |
Age 1-5 |
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What did Freud base most of his stuff on? |
Sexual urges |
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Structure of the mind (Freud) |
Id, ego, superego |
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Id |
Primitive instincts. Pleasure principle. Food, sex, ect. |
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Ego |
Decision making in reality |
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Super ego |
Morality. Makes you feel guilt |
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Iceberg metaphor |
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Defence mechanisms |
Unconcious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions |
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Psychosexual stages |
Oral 0-1 Anal 2-3 Phallic 4-5 |
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Oedipal complex (4) |
Sexual preference is resolved. Gives up longing for mom and identifies with dad. Gender identity is developed. If you dont make it past a stage you get fixated. |
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Behaviorism |
Observable behavior. More scientific |
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Classical conditioning (3) |
Aka respondent conditioning. Pavlov and Watson Involuntary behavior |
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Generalization |
Dont just respond to the original stimulus, but also similar stimuli. |
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Discrimination |
Only the original stimulus works |
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Operant conditioning (2) |
Skinner Reinforcement and punishment |
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Reinforcement |
Anything that strengthens behavior |
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Punishment |
Anything that weakens behavior |
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Positive reinforcement |
Strengthens by giving you something you like. |
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Negative reinforcement |
Taking away something you don't like |
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Escape |
Trying to get away from negative stimulus |
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Avoidence |
Avoiding the negative stimulus before it even happens |
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Extinction |
Conditioned stimulus is forgotten or unlearned |
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Token economy |
Symbolic reward system |
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Collective unconcious (2) |
Jung Contains traces of memories shared by the entire human race inherited from our ancestors |
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Archetypes |
Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meanings |
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Alder (2) |
Believed in phases/stages Strive to be superior |
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Evolutionary perspective |
We evolve physical and psychological characteristics that allow us to adapt, survive, and pass on our genes |
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Biological perspective (2) |
Genetics Twin studies |
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Humanism (4) |
Carl Rodgers Against frueds pessimism Rejected behaviorism We are all unique with free will and potential for growth |
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Self concept |
Your beliefs about yourself |
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Incongruence |
Difference between how you see yourself and how you really are |
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Condition of worth |
Condition set by another person that I must meet in order for that person to treat me as worthy and loveable |
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Hierarchy of needs |
Maslow Triangle shape with survival on the bottom |
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Validity (2) |
The truth or accuracy of a measurement. Are you measuring what you are supposed to measure? |
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Reliability |
Consistency over time |
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Projective tests (2) |
Rorschak inkblots TAT pictures |
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Self concept |
Set of beliefs you have about yourself |
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Possible self |
Who you think you can be |
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Self complexity |
How many different ways you see yourself. |
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Self discrepancies |
A mismatching of self perceptions |
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Actual self |
Who you actually are |
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Ideal self |
The best you can be |
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Ought self |
What you should be |
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Positive ways of coping with discrepancies (2) |
Change habits. Acceptance. |
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Negative ways of coping with discrepancies (3) |
Avoid situations that increase self awareness (ignorance is bliss). Drugs/alcohol Defence mechanisms |
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Social comparison |
Comparing yourself to others |
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Reference group |
Who you compare yourself to |
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Individualism (2) |
My success depends on me. I put myself before the group. |
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Collectivism |
I define myself with my family/social group |
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Self efficacy |
Belief that you can achieve your goals |
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Low self esteem (3) |
Low self efficacy. Put others down to make you feel high Unhappy |
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High self esteem |
A good thing if realistic |
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Narcissism |
Tendency to regard oneself and much better than you actually are |
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Self attributions |
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their behavior |
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Internal self attributions (5) |
Negative. Because I'm a loser! Stable (wont change) Uncontrollable Pessimistic |
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External self attributions (5) |
Postitive. Blame something else. Unstable (can change) Controllable Optimistic |
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Public self |
How you present yourself to the world |
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Self monitoring |
The degree to which people attend to and control the impressions they make on others |
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High self monitoring |
Concerned with making favorable impressions |
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Low self monitoring |
More likely to express their true feelings/attitides |
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Self verification theory |
People prefer to receive feedback from others that is consistent with their own self views |
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Self serving bias |
Tendency to attribute ones successes to personal factors and ones failure to situational factors |
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Self handicapping |
The tendency to sabotage ones performance to provide an excuse for possible failure |
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Downward social comparison |
Defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone who's trouble is worse than ones own |
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Self enhancement |
Tendency to maintain positive feelings about oneself |
