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55 Cards in this Set
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Poverty and median household income rates across all groups, and explanations why. (no need to know numeric figures) |
Highest poverty rate?-Blacks & Native Americans Lowest poverty?-Whites Highest median household income?-Caucasians Lowest median household income?-African Americans (2010) Differences within groups? |
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Which minority group is projected to be the largest in the next 50 years? |
Latino/Latina Americans-Rapid growth in population, roughly about 3% every year. Only talking about documented people. Growing at a much faster and quicker rate than the rest of us. -By about 2050 it is estimated that about 30% of the us population will be Latino/Latina Relatively young population-Compared to baby boomer generation-About 1/3 of them are under the age of 18 -A lot more people who are having babies and on average they tend to have more children/larger families Three largest groups-Mexican Americans-Puerto Ricans -Cubans-Other• This group is actually growing increasingly |
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Review family structures (matriarchal, patriarchal, egalitarian) across all major ethnic groups (e.g., European American, African American, Asian/Pacific American, Latino/a American, Native American). How common are extended family systems across these groups? |
*Nature of relationships Egalitarian roles in relationships: More of an equal relationship -African American women are more likely to be speak up then European American women Strong family orientation: Family cohesion and mental health -Majority of minority families involve extended family as part of their family system -European Americans are much more likely to have a nuclear family as their main family system -Big risk factor for African Americans is low family cohesion -When you include high family conflict, among African american families, as long as there is high family cohesion they are okay -For European American if they have family conflict its a big risk factor for depression -Low family cohesion does not seem to influence European Americans -Role flexibility in relationships-It's common for multiple people to take on different roles that people take on. |
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Review Cass's model of the coming out process. |
1. Identity confusion: Confusion or dismissal of feelings, dismissal of aroused or emotional feelings of thoughts towards people of the same sex 2. Identity comparison: Strong feelings of being different and not fitting into social norms. The stage when someone is trying to figure out if they are gay 3. Identity tolerance: When people start to explore what it means to be LGBT. Start to consider what this might mean about them 4. Identity acceptance: Renounce all forms of homophobia, including ones own 5. Identity pride: Emergence of pride and anger for harsh rejection from community. End up feeling proud of who they are. More comfortable within the LGBT community 6. Identity synthesis: Move beyond "us and them" mentality. They recognize that there are those who support those even if they are not from the LGBT community, they work with their allies |
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What were some of the early views on homosexuality? Include a review of Freud's views as well as the views of his contemporaries within the psychoanalytic community. |
Sigmund Freud believed that all people are born innately bisexual. Some people end up on the other end of the spectrum. He did not view homosexuality as a mental illness. He did not believe it was possible to transform hay people to being straight Early psychoanalytic views of homosexuality• Homosexuality as a mental disorder -DSM Was categorized as a mental illness until the third edition. In 1973 when the third edition was proposed we too it out. There are things attached to it such as anxiety and such but because of how people are treated in society. Homosexuality is not a new phenomenon• There are many other cultures that go very far back that supporting that homosexuality has always been around. The degree to how much we have patholoigized has changed |
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What are stereotypes and myths associated with LGBTQ individuals? |
Myths (3): Heterosexuals and LGBTQ people are treated equally. Gays recruit and molest children. Being LGBTQ is a choice rather than something one is born into. Stereotypes: Gay/lesbians are not capable of permanent relationships. Their relationships are less satisfactory. They are not effective parents. Children raised by them will be psychologically damaged. One of them has to play the "feminine" role and one will play the "masculine" role. |
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Review the major points from the film Generation M with respect to how males and females are socialized, how the media is involved in this, and any gender differences noted. |
The musical industry plays out such a pornographic image of women Teenage girls are exploring sex and their sexuality, what it means and who they are, and they are constantly bombarding teenagers with women sexuality. The worry today is that media show only this side of sexualized ion and lable it as female empowerment How are young girls and women being trained to think about themselves? Barbie has the ideal life and everything and many young cares want to be herThe message sent to young girls is that girl should really care about how they look and shopping. Our culture allows demeaning of women but dies not accept over racism Eminem is not only views as a successful musical icon he is also viewed as a sexual icon, which encourages women to be attracted to men like him. |
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Review types of gender microaggressions and be able to identify them. What is benevolent sexism? |
Benevolent sexism: a favorable, chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who embrace conventional roles. Microaggressions: Sexual objectification (media); use of sexist language; assumption of inferiority; restrictive gender roles (women must be the caretaker, etc.); denial of reality of sexism; invisibility; sexist humor/jokes. |
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Plessy v Ferguson |
It was okay to provide separate but equal facilities. Written in the ruling that one group was inferior to others. |
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |
Was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. |
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What were the original goals of Affirmative Action programs, and how was this different from the Civil Rights Act of 1964? Which group benefits the most from affirmative action programs? |
Original goals: Proactive, inclusion .Proactive in making sure that we do not discriminate .Collect data about their practices .If there is a disparity in certain groups, they are to come up with a plan to remedy that. It was not meant to be a quota system. Difference from Civil Rights Act: Not synonymous with quotas. Actually illegal to use quotas with one exception .If an institution has been found blatantly discriminating against a particular group, then they may be forced to have a certain number of people. White women have benefited the most. |
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Review Cross's model of nigrescence. Be able to identify examples from each stage. |
1) Pre-encounter stage: Black individuals were more likely to favor whiteness, a strong desire to acculturate into white society. There may also be a rejection of the black society. Being white is preferable. White is favored- string desire to assimilate and alccultureate to white society. May reject or devalue their "blackness". Engage in Behaviors or internalize what it means to be "white". They may almost look stereotypical in what it means to be white. i.e. Michael Jackson (?) 2) Encounter stage: When a person might find themselves to encounter profound crisis/event that challenges previous mode of thinking and begins to re interpret the world. Start to question whether being black is necessarily bad. The encounter brings a great deal of emotionality. Affects individuals in a very significant way, not just intellectual, a great deal of mixed emotions that are in the process. Feeling guilty about how they have been rejecting their culture and identity. Questioning emotionality is central. 3) Immersion/Emersion stage: Black pride begins to develop and person idealizes blackness and totally immerses him-herself into black culture. Very active, engaging in associations, learning more about their history. Changing the term black from a negative thing to a positive thing. Develops dichotomized worldview. Black individuals and what it means to be black is idealized. Rejection and separation and pushing away of anything else that is not that. Individuals might feel a little more on edge, or hyper vigilant of certain acts. 4) Internalization: Develop positive, secure sense if black identity. Describe as "self healing" stage. Described as being more emotionally steady, calm, relaxed, tolerant. Feels comfortable with and accepts people from other cultures. |
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How are African American relationships different from European American relationships? How is this seen in marital relationships and in how the young and old are treated? |
*An extended-family model of parenting is consistent with African American cultural values. *Respect for authority is an important component of the African American culture-Children respect their parents more so than european families. *Communalism is important for effective functioning of African American families. *African American parents may have greater involvement in decision making compared to european American parents. |
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According to Herman and colleagues, what factors are associated with depression among African Americans compared to European Americans? How is this tied to relationships with family? |
*Low family cohesion has been found to be associated with depression among african american adolescents but not european american adolescents. *Family conflict was associated with depression among European American adolescents but not among African Americans. *African Americans = family unity-may protect against depression *Discrimination may have greater effects on African Americans mental health than does general stress. *Church attendance among African Americans decreased the effects of discrimination on depression *Those with a strong African American identity were less likely to have suicidal ideation (not so for european americans) |
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14) Review major points from the film “Slavery by Another Name.” According to the film, when did they consider the technical ending of slavery? Review implementation of convict leasing systems. Review how different Southerners were affected following the Civil War (e.g., rich slave owners vs. poor White Southerners). Review different laws applied to African Americans (e.g., vagrancy, pig laws) and be aware of estimates of how many African Americans ended up in prison system following the end of Civil War. Review peonage and ways in which it was treated in legal system. |
The technical ending of slavery came in the 1920s (?) # of African Americans in prison system following Civil War: 90% of prisoners were Black men. Convicts released to work, 30 -40% died each year. |
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Review demographics of Arab American population. Include in this review demographics related to the proportion who identify as Muslim and which groups have the largest Muslim presence in the U.S. |
Total Christian 66% Muslim 24% *African Americans have the largest Muslim population in the US, then Asian Americans |
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How have Arab Americans been racially classified in the U.S.? |
White/Caucasian |
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What are the major stereotypes of Arab Americans? |
Often depicted as violent terrorist who are barbaric, impulsive, and anti western: Very different from the vast majority of the Arab Americans who live a peaceful life and do not support terrorism. Anti-American: They hate Americans. Islam is oppressive and Dangerous to its followers. Almost identical parallels in the Christian faith that people do not realize. Arabs oppress women: Women hold a lot more power in their families than others are aware of. Medias role in fostering stereotypes: Negative roles |
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Which Asian/Pacific Islander group is currently the largest? Which Asian/Pacific Islander group is projected to be the largest in 30 years? |
Filipinos have been the largest group of Asian Pacific immigrants to the United States. Filipinos are projected to be the largest in the next 30 years. |
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Describe the educational and income attainment of Asian/Pacific Islander groups when compared to other minority groups and the dominant group. Include what income/poverty rates look like within the Sacramento area in particular. Also review educational attainment and income within the Asian/Pacific Islander group (i.e., East Asians compared to Southeast Asians). |
a. More likely to earn a college degree than white Caucasians b. But many have less than HS education (a significant number of Asian Americans struggle) (particularly those that are southeast Asians) i. Laotians and Cambodians are more likely to have less than a 9th grade educationii. Hmong and cambodians and Laotians Do not graduate HS at the same rates as many other ethnic groups c. Family incomei. High end of SES as well as higher rates of povertyii. This is especially true of Sacramento with large southeast Asian populationiii. Typical family size of Asian Americans is a lot bigger, so that is going to inflate the median household income because there is more people living there. iv. If 95% of them are living in expensive areas (the coast) then it raises their income because they need more money to get by. v. 66% of Laotiansvi. 49% of Cambodianvii. 36% of Vietnamese 1. All three live in poverty. |
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Chinese Exclusion Act |
First law that excluded immigrants on basis of nationality. First law that did this. Was not repealed until 1943 when china became an ally. |
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Gentleman's Agreement of 1907 |
Japanese agreed to limit the number and types of people that were allowed to immigrate to the United States. Women and children were allowed to immigrate. As long as Japan did that the US agreed to not exclude them. |
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1924 Asian Exclusion Act |
The people exempt from this were people from the Philippines. There was just too many Asians so they banned all of them. |
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Review and discuss the significance of the Japanese American internment experience. What were some of the major reasons for placing Japanese Americans in internment camps (particularly along the West coast)? What was the demographic make-up of most of the interned Japanese Americans? What reparations were made to Japanese Americans for this internment experience? |
Executive order 9066 (1942) -In total about 120,000 Japanese Americans were incarcerated for this. If you were 1/8th Japanese you would be incarcerated for this. About 2/3rds of them were American citizens not recent immigrants. A lot of anti Japanese. Conditions were really bad in terms of where they were placed. What was ironic is many of them were fighting in our army. 1988-President Reagan publicly apologized and awarded 20k to each survivor of this experience. The government realized how bad this really was |
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Review the history of the Philippines and its unique relationship to the U.S. compared to other Asian/Pacific Islander groups (see immigration policies). |
United States gained possession of the Philippines in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. *Between 1906 and 1940, Filipinos were imported to Hawaii and the West Coast of the US as a cheap source of labor. Mainly men *During the depression in the 1930s, 2,000 Filipinos left the US by the federal government in order to "repatriate" to the Philippines. |
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Discuss the role of collectivism among the Asian American culture - specifically, how this affects the development of norms for acceptable and unacceptable behavior. |
Loyalty to the group: Subordination of personal goals for group. Personal sacrifice being quite common. Clean norms established. Avoidance of conflict: Unacceptable to directly confront somebody for many individuals. Will usually find more indirect ways to deal with a problem with others. Indirect communication: Even some students have a hard time speaking up in class. Communicating things like feelings is often common to do in more indirect ways as well. |
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What are some of the problems with using the "model minority stereotype"? How is this related to discrimination from their peers? |
1. Masks diversity among Asian-Americans: extremely high rates of poverty and school dropout among many groups. 2. Positive stereotype and perceived threat: anti-asian violence, "quotas" limiting Asian American acceptance into schools. 3. Interracial tension: peer discrimination. 4. Restrictive stereotype: pressure to conform to stereotype. Feeling restricted in types of goals that are selected. |
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Review the concepts of "relative functionalism" and "glass ceiling" with respect to Asian American achievement. |
Relatively higher rate of college attendance.
Higher value placed on education. Spend a lot more time on their hw. Parent expectations and peer supporto Expected to A's maybe a B. Also tend to get more peer support in doing well in school. Glass ceiling: A common thing that they are not advancing all the way. Might have to do with negative stereotypes. Relative functionalism: Maybe one of the reasons why Asian Americans do so well in academics is because they are blocked out through other ways. |
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Describe the structure of family relationships within the Asian/Pacific Islander culture, including any exceptions to this norm.
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Hierarchical and interdependent: Exception is some Pacific Islanders. Boys are given higher status and preferential treatment. The older you are the better The only exception is among some Pacific Islander cultures. For the most part is pretty patriarchal.
Family unit is seen as most valuable. It's not about them individually, its about the reflection of the entire family. A lot more pressure for you to make the right choices and do the right things. Perceptions of parenting: Role of parental effort and "losing face". For European Americans, if their kids succeed the parents feel like they are responsible for it, when the kids fail or mess us, its about something else. For Asian Americans, when their kids do well, there is a lower likelihood that they will take credit for that, but if your kids mess up Asian American parents feel like they are responsible for it. |
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Which Latino American group is currently the largest? |
People of Mexican origin are the largest group, representing 59%of the nations total latino/a American population. |
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How are Latino Americans racially classified? |
White |
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Discuss how well or poorly different Latino American groups have been accepted within the majority culture and why. Also describe the different waves of Cuban migration to the U.S. and how they differed from each other. |
Acceptance depends on economic highs and economic lows. Great depression on 1930s changed immigration policy and Mexican immigrants no longer welcome. Cuban migration varied. Acceptance varied depending on different waves of Cuban immigration. Initially welcome within the context of the Cold War as anti-communism refugees. We helped them come over, because it benefited us to take them in because they did not support communism and socialism. We could use them as examples as people who do not support communism. First Cuban immigration wave. First immigrants were mostly white, upper SES professionals. Given enormous support and legislation o A lot of money, bilingual education, home loans, etc. They really did become quite successful as a result of all of our help. They were able to form a very strong knit community of Cuban Americans in Florida. Second Cuban wave. 1965-1973. Middle class to lower middle class immigrant. Allowed to leave to be reunited with family. Third wave: 1980s. Looked and had very different traits from the first two groups who came from Cuba. These people were from the prisons, not white, serious psychiatric illness, they were darker, less educated, poorer, etc. because Castro let everyone who wanted to go, goo Castro dumped the prisons and mental health hospitals and let them go to the us. Fourth wave. 1990s. A lot of people were struggling in Cuba Risking their lives to make it to the us We would provide refuge if they were able to make it to us soil on their own. People would leave on makeshift rafts. Elian Gonsalves Mom died trying to get him to the us. And he was sent back to Cuba to be with his father |
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Describe the differences between the terms "Hispanic," "Latino/a," and "Chicano/a." |
Hispanics refer to the us term and references influences of Spain. A lot of people in this group do not like this term. The term Hispanic has a lot more to do with how this influences. Does not take into account the native or indigenous culture of a person. Overlooks the native culture. 2) Latino/a indicates people from South America, Central America, and Mexico while also incorporating indigenous cultures and African ancestrya. Share Spanish languageb. Racially, they can be anythingc. There is so much mixing that happens. 3) Chicano. Refers specifically to Mexican Americans. Feeling like they are both Mexican and Americans but they don't quite feel like they belong to either culture. Identifies their unique experience. |
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Review the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. What rights did this treaty guarantee? What actually happened following this treaty? What happened as a result of changing the laws from Spanish to English? |
Mexico lost a big portion of their country to the US. The entire southwest of the US was apart of Mexico just a little over 150 years ago. In exchange, this treaty guaranteed certain rights for the Mexican people: Full American citizenship, Retention of language (Spanish) as a recognized and legitimate language, Freedom of religion, Ownership of property. But, then all laws were written in English and all schools were taught in English. If they wanted to defend themselves they had to learn English. They lost a lot of themselves and property as a result of this, Had to pay a foreign miners tax. Extra tax to continue working at what they were doing. |
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Review the colonization of Puerto Rico |
Colony and then commonwealth of the uso Granted us citizenshipo They are apart of the US o Many people do not understand they are apart of us*Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain in 1493*Its native Tain o Indian inhabitants were enslaved and killed*During the Spanish American War in 1898, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines were invaded by the US and Puerto Rico has remained a colony since then.-English was mandated*Congress allowed Puerto Ricans to become US citizens in 1917, but many Americans do no regard Puerto Ricans as US citizens. *Large numbers of Puerto Ricans emigrated to the northeastern US in 1940s and 50s for economic reasons:-they took low pay, menial jobs that no one else wanted. -women more employable then men, which created gender role issues within many families. *Became a commonwealth in 1952, and Spanish was re-instituted, nevertheless, Puerto Rico still often functions as a colony of the US. |
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Which Latin American group is labeled as a "model minority"? |
Cuban Americans. They have been relatively successful in the US. *Higher SES of first two waves in combination with federal resources that have not been available for other Latino/a groups. *Have the strongest ethnic identity. |
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Discuss the importance of family among Latino cultures. Review concepts like familismo, respeto, and hijos de crianza. |
Importance on family: Relatively larger families • Parents, 4 or more kids across all SES levels Familismo: Strong sense of family involvement. We find that the closer teens are to their families the better they turn out, the health their they are. Use of extended family. This idea of the family is a lot more than just the nuclear family. Catholic religion is most common religion in this group. God parents are much more involved in these groups than in euro Americans. Compadreso Hijos de crianza: Reflects this pattern of adopting children from one family into another family. Children may be informally adopted from one family to another and it is not seen as usually. Usually happens in time of crisis. It almost like family members are obligated to help other family members. *Respeto: respecting the role of each family member |
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What are the traditional gender roles (and family structures) among Latinos? Include a review of machismo and marianismo. |
Families tend to be patriarchal. Machismo: Refers to men. Very much the sense of being the provider and protector, they are strong, sense of pride and respect, but this term has also been used in a negative way that needs into issues of control Marianismo: A term used to refer to how women are expected to behave. Terms related to the Virginia Mary. Characterizing women to almost urge them to model themselves after the Virgin Mary. Being pure, a caretaker, a mother, the most important thing for them to do is to be mothers. The relationship between the mother and her children is seen as the most sacred. This mother role should define you more than anything else. Potential conflict in couples due to gender role reversal. • The very defined gender roles can present conflicts • In situations when the woman is the one who is the bread winner it can relate to issues within the relationship• Same for men who cannot find work and end up staying home with children. |
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What were the major explanations for the dramatic decline in American Indian population? |
Prior to European contact, at least 2,000 different cultures existed. Tribal identity: The attachment to their particular tribe is what really Identified who they are. Very rich source of diversity within this group. This group was almost completely wiped out. Prior to European contact there was about 2 in half million then after contact with the American people, that number got reduced to 200,000. Disease due to small pox from the government. Vanerial disease from the men, lots of rape, Warfare, culture clash, murder. Forced displacement (trail of tears)• Starvation. What happened to the Native American people people describe as genocide as Ethnic cleansing |
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Indian Removal Act (1830) |
Was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. The act authorized him to negotiate with the Native Americans in the Southern United States for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. |
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Indian Appropriation Act (1871) |
Stated that no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe or power with whim the US may contract by treaty. This act allowed railroads to be built through the Plains and buffalo killed. This led to Indian Reservations. The purpose of the reservation was to temporarily help Indians make the adjustment to assimilate into the US society. |
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Dawes Act (1887) |
Which sought to discontinue reservations and help Indians become property owners and US citizens. US wanted to Convert Indians to farmers rather than hunters and gatherers because it was more civilized. Each Indian family was given 160 acres for 25 years. |
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Standing Bear v Crook (1879). |
Marked social change among American Indians. Decided that an Indian "was a person." |
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Review the boarding school movement in American Indian history. What was its purpose? How was it enforced? What were some of the problems that occurred in these schools? |
One that was developed by the us government. We placed Native American children into this. The sole purpose was to get rid of the children's Native American culture. They were forced to do this. Parents were not given the option. If the children were between a certain age, they were forcibly taken from their home. Mandatory enrollment ended circa 1940. However enrollment was at its peak in 1970s This has been used as an example of subjugation. |
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What are the leading causes of death among American Indians? |
Cardiovascular disease. Cancer. Unintentional injuries. Diabetes. Chronic liver disease & cirrhosis. Chronic lower respiratory disease. Stroke. Suicide. Nephritis. Influenza & Pneumonia. |
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Compare poverty rates among American Indians with other minority groups (and majority group) |
Highest rate of poverty among all other ethnic groups (27%) |
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Discuss the problems that alcoholism and substance abuse have presented for the American Indian culture. What are the rates of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems/deaths? (Page 144-146) |
Did not drink alcohol before the European Americans came over. Drink significantly more than other groups, not the fact that they are drinking more often. |
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Review Poston's Biracial Identity Development model. |
Personal identity: Sense of self is largely independent of ethnic heritage. Choice of group categorization: Pressure to choose. They may feel that they are not able to choose all groups. Enmeshment/ denial: Emotional period related to denial of one of the racial/ethnic heritages. Common feelings associated with this stage are that of anger and guilt. Appreciation: Value roots of both/all heritages.Learn more about the cultural values. Integration: Healthiest stage. Wholeness and integration of both identities occur. |
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What case officially ended anti-miscegenation laws? |
Loving v. Virginia (1967). Went to jail for inter-racial marriage and then this stopped the anti racial marriage laws in the US. |
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What are the major areas of multicultural competence for professional psychologists? Be able to identify examples from each of these areas. |
Understanding other worldviews Learning about key historical events: Important to know the major stuff that has influenced other people Becoming aware of sociopolitical issues: What is happening right now. Knowing basic values and belief systems: With the understanding that not everyone is going to have the same belief and value system. Education and trainingo In order to learn more we have to accepting. Experience and practice. Seek out opportunities to interact more with people who are different. Traveling is a wonderful way Learn how to say "I don't know" and ask questions. A lot of times people end up feeling cautious about asking questions and saying I don't know because they don't want to look stupid or offend people. Almost always going to be better. Be genuine. Develop a level of comfort discussing difficult topics. Not always easy to do, hard to al about this stuff. |
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What are the 5 D's of Difference? Be able to identify examples for each. |
Distancing: Sometimes people deal with differences by maintaining a distance. Can be physically and emotionally. Hearing what they say but not really feeling. Denial: Denying that people are different. Color blindness. If we act like its not there then we don't have to deal with it. Defensiveness: Hypersensitive about how people see us. Defending ourselves from the possibility. Devaluing: When we find ourselves different we might devalue those who are different from us. Discovery: A good one. Some people deal with differences by developing a curiosity about it |
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What are the 3 S's of Similarity? Be able to identify examples for each. |
1) Simple: It takes a lot less effort to be around people who are like us 2) Safe: We feel safer with others who we identify with. Safety in numbers 3) Sane: Sometimes we are with other People who have gone through similar things because it makes us feel a little less crazy. |
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What is an "ally"? |
Friend, confederate, supporter, partner, etc |
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Which adolescent ethnic group has reported the highest level of peer discrimination? |
Asian Americans |
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Which ethnic group has the highest rate of youth suicide? |
American Indian Youth |
