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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe biological primary abilities
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They are cognitive abilities that are inherently evolutionary and given universally. Furthermore, they require no motivation to engage in. For example, spoken language in children and basic number concepts.
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Name the two biologically primary abilities
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1. Numerosity
2. Ordinality |
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Describe numerosity and a study that provides evidence for it.
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Numerosity is the ability to determine that amount or quantity of a small set of objects or events without actually counting or understanding how many there are (discrimination). This happens best in sets of 4 or smaller.
A study by Starkey - Each aray contains diff items (show, hat, etc.) - look longer at numerosities that are novel and NOT in habituation phase (things that are not familiar to them) - Preferentially look at array that matches number of drumbeats (2 objects, 2 drumbbeats). |
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What is subitizing?
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The ability to quickly identify the number of items in a small set without counting.
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What is discrimination?
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Discrimination is understanding the difference between something and something else. In the context of counting - it is physically counting a set of items and understanding the difference between each one.
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What is ordinality? Describe a study that proves its existence.
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Ordinality is the second biologically primary ability. It refers to the ability to understand 'more than' and 'less than' concepts. Later, it also means understanding specific ordinal relations (2>3, 3>4) etc... Best for numbers at and smaller than 5.
Study by brannon: habituate infants to increasing or decreasing array of blocks - measure looking time - look longer at novel experience after being habituated to increasing OR decreasing blocks. - shows proof of ordinality skill in infants |
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What are the counting principles as described by Gelman and Gallistel?
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The counting principles are: one-to-one principle, stable order principle, abstraction principle, cardinal principle, order-irrelevant principle.
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Name and describe two of the counting principles in depth. If you can, describe all.
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One-one-principle: Refers to children being able to understand and emphasize the importance of partioning and tagging items in a set. For ex. knowing that you can't say one, two, two. But that each item is individual.
Cardinal principle: Refers to children understanding that the last counted number word of any set represents the set as a whole and its numerosity. -- Stable order: Children understanding that there is a stable and repeated order that should be maintained. (i.e. saying one two three, not, two three five.) -- Abstraction principle: The principle that counting can be applied to heterogenous items (mixed sets of items) -- Order-irrelevance principle: Order of enumeration is irrelevant (left to right, and right to left). |
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What are biologically secondary abilities?
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Biologically secondary abilities build on primary abilities and refer to abilities built in nature. Furthermore, they require repetition and motivation to master (ex. written language)
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What is emergent literacy?
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Emergent literacy describes the interaction of young children with books, reading, and writing when they are not conventional readers or writers. Emergent literacy is a gradual process and a continuual process that takes place over birth and time.
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Name and describe 3 components of emergent literacy. If you know more, describe more.
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Convention of print: Children exposed to books know that reading goes left to right, top to bottom, front to back.
Linguistic awareness: The identification of linguistic units (phonemes, syllables, words) Emergent reading and writing: "pretend" reading (narratives) to go with pictures and/or pretend squiggles to write their name, etc... knowledge of letters: Naming letters phoneme-grahaem correspondence: how sounds (spoken) correspond to letters (written). |
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What is phonemic awareness? How can we test for phonemic awareness? Liberman and shankweiler.
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Words consist of separate sounds. We can test phonemic awareness through the study by liberman and shankweiler.
They found that children tapped out the number of sounds in words (eg. at vs. cat). Found to be highly predictive of early reading skills. 4-5 year olds asked to state number of sounds making up a short word (such as at or cat). Performance measures of phonemic awareness proved to be an excellent indicator of reading achievement in the early grades. Training in phonemic awareness lead to improved performance. |
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Other measures of phoneme awareness?
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1) detection of rhymes
2) phonemic segmentation tasks (phoneme deletion and phoneme completion). |
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What is phonological decoding?
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Reading skills used to translate written symbols into sounds and words
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Two ways to teach reading: bottom up and top down approaches. Describe both.
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Bottom up approach: Parts of language (words) to understanding whole text (meaning).
Top down approach: Uses background information to predict meaning of language they are going to listen to or read. |
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Describe automatization
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Making language processing and production automatization. Ability of language learner to get things right [with both spoken and written production] under circumstances when there is no attention available or any other provision for getting things right.
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two main word identification procedures?
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phonoemic recoding (or decoding) - Look at printed word and locate entry for the word in long term memory. Intermediate step: translate visual form into speech one and use that to identify the meaning of the word
Visual based retrieval: No intermediate step. Looking at a printed word and locating entry for the word in long term memory. |
