Psyc 2400 Exam 2

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Common themes of Neo-Freudians

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1) De-emphasize sex, reinterpret "libido"
2) Less emphasis on unconscious, more emphasis on conscious thought
3) Focus on interpersonal relationships

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Ego Psychology

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Believes the most important aspect of mental functioning is the way the ego mediates between and formulates compromises among the impulses of the id and the super ego.

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Organ Inferiority

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Alfred Alder
Idea that people are motivated to succeed in adulthood in order to compensate for whatever they felt in childhood was their weakest aspect

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Masculine Protest

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Alfred Alder
Type of organ inferiority; the idea that a particular urge in adulthood is an attempt to compensate for one's powerlessness felt in childhood; yearning to prove dominance, power, and masculinity

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Collective Unconscious

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Carl Jung
Proposition that all people share certain unconscious ideas about the history of the human species

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Archetypes

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Carl Jung
Fundamental images of people that contained in the collective unconscious
Examples: the earth mother, the hero, the supreme being

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Persona

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Carl Jung
Jung's term for the false social mask one wears in public. Individual may come to identify more with the persona than the real self, becoming creatures of society instead of individuals true to themselves

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Anima/Animus

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Carl Jung
Idealized image of the female as held in the mind of the male; can lead to problems if the idealized woman or man in one's mind matches poorly with the real women or men in one's life.

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How does Jung deviate from Freud?

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Jung was interested in spirituality as well as individuals in the context of society

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How does Karen Horney deviate from Freud?

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Rejected Freud's theory are sexist, believing that women were whole persons in their own right.

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Neurotic needs

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Karen Horney
Needs that people feel that are neither realistic nor truly desirable; results from the basic anxiety acquired in childhood of being alone or helpless in a hostile world.

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How does Erikson deviate from Freud?

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Not all conflicts take place in the unconscious mind, many are conscious
Theory of development was psychosocial vs. Freud's psychosexual

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Erikson's Stages of Development

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Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Guilt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair

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Major contributions of Erikson's theory of development

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1) Insight about the societal basis of psychological development
2) Development is not limited to children-- the idea of life-span development

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Object Relations Theory

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Melanie Klein
DW Winnicott
Psychanalytic study of interpersonal relations, including the unconscious images and feelings associated with the important people (objects) in a person's life

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Four Principle Themes of Object Relations Theory

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Melanie Klein
1) Every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration.
2) This dichotomy leads to a mix of love and hate towards the important people in our lives.
3) Making the distinction between the parts of the love object and the whole person, and moving beyond appreciating superficial aspects of people to loving them as whole persons
4) We are aware of and disturbed by these contradictory feelings.

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Contributions of Melanie Klein

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Object relations theory
Working with children
Using "play" to communicate with and diagnose children

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Klein's idea of "splitting"

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Children divide their important love objects into good and bad parts.
1) Protect and love the good party because they fear losing it (depressive position)
2) Wish to destroy the bad part because they fear being destroyed by it (paranoid position)
Often results in idealization as a symptom of underlying hostility being defended against at all costs

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Niffle

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DW Winnicott
A transitional object that children use to bridge the gap between private fantasy and reality; help the child make the change from the time when adults are constantly caring for him to the time when he must face the world alone.

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What is the purpose of psychotherapy from the perspective of object relations theorists?

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To help minimize discrepancies between the true and false selves, to help the rational resources of the mind work through irrational defenses; the goal is to see important people in your life the way the ARE and not how you wish them to be

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Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)

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The mind does many different things at one and only a small fraction of its activity is conscious. Borrows from Freudian theory

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How does attachment theory relate to Freudian theory?

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Transference-- applying old patterns of behavior and emotion to relationships with someone new.

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Bowlby's Attachment Theory

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John Bowlby
1) a person's early experiences with love shape one's future outlook on emotional attachments
2) Evolutionary-- humans developed fears of being alone and have a desire for protection
3) Child develops a belief about whether their attachment figures are reliable
4) Child develops a believe about whether they are the kind of person to whom attachment figures are likely to respond in a helpful way

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Mary Ainsworth's "Strange Situation"

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Child is briefly separated from, and then reunited with the mother.
Used to determine and classify attachment styles in a concrete, observable way

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Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

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Caregivers are inconsistent and chaotic; children are insecure and desperate for the attention of the attachment figure

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Weston's 5 Neo-Freudian Propositions

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1) Much of mental life is unconscious.
2) The mind does many things at once so it can be in conflict with itself.
3) The events of childhood shape the personality of the adult, especially concerning styles of social relationships.
4) Relationships formed with significant other people establish patterns that repeat throughout life with new people.
5) Psychological development involves moving from an unregulated immature and self-centered state to a more regulated, mature state in which relationships become increasingly important.

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Phenomenology

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the study of a person's conscious experience of the world

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Construal

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an individual's particular experience of the world or way of interpreting reality

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Existentialism

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approach to philosophy that focuses on conscious experience, free, will, the meaning or life, and other basic questions of existence

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Binswanger's 3 Parts of Experience

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1) Umwelt = biological experience
2) Mitwelt = social experience
3) Eigenwelt = inner, psychological experience

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Thrown-ness

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Heidegger
the era, location, and situation into which a person happens to be born or "thrown" into the world

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Sartre's concept of Angst

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1) Anguish-- choices are never perfect
2) Forlornness-- your choices are yours alone
3) Despair-- many outcomes are beyond your control

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Living in Bad Faith

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Ignoring existential issues with a "head in the sand" approach, leading an unexamined life.
3 Problems
1) Living a cowardly lie, wasting your life
2) You will never be happy
3) Choosing to ignore the issues is STILL a choice

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Authentic Existence

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Opposite of living in bad faith
Facing the facts that you are mortal, life is short, and you are the master of your own destiny

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Eastern Alternative of Existentialism

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Anatta = non-self
The independent self is a harmful illusion, we are all interconnected with everything in the universe across time
Anicca = recognition that all things are temporary

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Contributions of Carl Rogers

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1) People have a basic need to actualize; the goal of existence is to satisfy this need
2) A person can only be understood from the perspective of their phenomenal field (entire panorama of conscious experience)

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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Physiological
Safety/security
Love/belonging
Status/esteem
Self-actualization

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Goals of humanistic psychotherapy

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Provide unconditional position regard
Help the client become a fully functioning person living an authentic existence

Front 39

Personal Construct Theory

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George Kelly
The sum of your experiences and perceptions provides the data you use to develop an interpretation of what the world is like;
Any pattern of experience can lead to multiple different interpretations or construals

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Sociality Corollary

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George Kelly
Understanding another person means understanding their personal construct system; you must be able to see the world through their eyes

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Constructive Alternativism

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George Kelly
Your personal reality does not simply exist apart from you; you construct it in your mind. You can always choose to reconstruct reality differently.

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Flow

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Csikszentmihalyi
Totally absorbing experience of engaging in an activity that is valuable for its own sake; in flow, mood is elevated and time seems to pass quickly

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Maddi's Idea of Hardiness

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Hardiness = a lifestyle that embraces rather than avoids potential sources of stress; can bring learning, growth, and wisdom. Successfully dealing with stress is an important part of what gives life meaning.

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Hedonia vs. Eudaimonia

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Deci and Ryan
Hedonia = maximize please, minimize pain
Eudaimonia = seeking a deeper meaning in life by pursuing goals, building relationships, etc

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Self-Determination Theory

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Seeking intrinsic rather than extrinsic goals
Eudaimonia over Hedonia

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3 Central Intrinsic Goals

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Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness

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Core Virtues Identified by Positive Psychology

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Courage
Justice
Humanity
Temperance
Wisdom
Transcendence

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2 Main Contributions of Phenomenological Approach

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1) Attempt to address the mystery of human experience
2) Emphasis on nonjudgmental understanding of individuals and cultures

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What had Freud left undone? (Gaps to be filled by the Neo-Freudians)

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Religion or art
Women
Normalcy
Second half of life, older adults
Clinical method
Scientific method

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Theory of Symbols (Freud/Jung)

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For Freud: symbols represent bodily functions and impulses
For Jung: symbols represent something universal about the human condition

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Teleology

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something that is drawn towards a goal rather than pushed from behind

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Why do we have myth, arts, religion?

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For Freud: substitute gratification
For Jung: attempting to answer fundamental questions about life and humanity, expressing something essential about the human spirit

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Principle of equivalence

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An increase of energy in one area will be accompanied by a decrease of energy in the opposite area
Everything you choose to do as a person involves choosing NOT to do something else

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Principle of entropy

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The distribution of energy in the psyche seeks an equilibrium or balance

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Principle of transcendence

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Rising above our opposites and seeing both sides of who we really are; joining opposing forces into a coherent middle ground

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Principle of synchronicity

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the occurrence of two events that are not linked causally, nor linked teleologically, yet are meaningfully related (coincidence?); indicates how we connected to fellow humans and nature through the collective unconscious

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Mandala Archetype

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Becoming whole by incorporating as much of the world into our identity as possible
Round symbol of incorporation; the ideal symbol of the self as wholeness and perfection

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Functional attitude types

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Thinking: judging
Feeling: love/hate
Sensing: from the physical world
Intuiting: from the Spirit

Thinking/feeling = rational attitudes
Sensing/intuiting = irrational attitudes

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Action Orientations

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Judging vs. Perceiving

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Contributions of Anna Freud

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Hierarchy of defenses, in-depth study and classification of the defense mechanisms

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Psychotic Defenses

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Anna Freud- Level 1
Denial
Delusional Projection

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Immature Defenses

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Anna Freud- Level 2
Fantasy
Projection
Acting Out
Passive Aggression

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Neurotic Defenses

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Anna Freud- Level 3
Intellectualization
Reaction Formation
Dissociation
Displacement
Repression

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Mature Defenses

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Anna Freud- Level 4
Humor
Sublimation
Suppression
Altruism

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Projection

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Transformation of neurotic or immoral anxiety into a justifiable fear
"I hate him" --> "He hates me"

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Reaction Formation

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Replacement in consciousness of an unacceptable impulse by its opposite

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Sublimation

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Transformation of socially unacceptable impulse into socially desirable one

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Rider and Horse Analogy

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Id=horse, Ego=rider
Energy comes from the horse but the rider controls it (under good conditions)
Growing interest in the ego for post-Freudian ego analysts

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Erikson's Modes of Infantile Sexuality

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1) Incorporative I (passive)
2) Incorporative II (active)
3) Retentive (holding in)
4) Eliminative (getting rid of)
5) Intrusive (keeping out)

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Transference

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People take their early important familial relationships and project them (defense mechanism) onto other relationships; this is the goal of Freudian psychotherapy

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Thomas Szasz

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the myth of mental illness; it is hard to separate our opinions of morality from our perceptions of mental illness and what is or isn’t acceptable behavior

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Humanism

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Humanism is the answer to the question: how is that people make decisions about personal matters where reason doesn’t provide clear answers and society doesn’t provide right or wrong

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Rogers Theory (according to Turkheimer)

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1) Core tendency of a personality is to actualize its potential-- self-actualization
2) Self as a falsehood, created to be the person you are expected to be by society
3) Unconditional positive regard

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Tenants of Rogerian Psychotherapy

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Restore the true self and help the individual discover what they really want in order to make meaningful life decisions for them
Nondirectiveness
Unconditional positive regard

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Peak Experiences

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Maslow
Pure unmediated experience of self and surroundings
No defense between self and the world
Characteristic of self-actualized people

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Dasein

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Existentialist idea of being and existing

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Fromm's Modes of Being (Orientation)

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1) Receptive (dependent peasants...feudal?)
2) Hoarding (Bourgeois)
3) Exploitive (Capitalist)
4) Marketing (self as object to sell)
5) Productive

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Contributions of Erich Fromm

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1) We are existentially afraid of our own freedom; therefore we repress ourselves and create societies that repress us
2) Character orientations/modes of being

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Contributions of Husserl

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Approach of phenomenology as a problem of inner and outer; how do you know what it feels like to be someone else?