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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Personality
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A dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic pattens of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings.
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David Funder's Second Law
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"There are no perfect indicators of personality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous"
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The Scientific Method
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Observe, Record, Analyze, Replicate
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7 Research Steps
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STEP 1: Question - select a research topic/define the problem
STEP 2: Review the literature/what we already know STEP 3: Formulate the hypothesis STEP 4: Select a research method/how are you going to test your hypothesis? STEP 5: Collect the data STEP 6: What does it all mean? Analysis and statistical significance/Interpreting the data STEP 7: Report the results/who needs to know? |
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3 Personality Research Methods
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1) The Clinical Approach:
examples: Case Studies, Individual Interview, Document Analysis 2) The Correlational Approach 3) The Experimental Approach |
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Issues with the clinical approach research method
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generalizability, biases, causality
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Issues with the correlational approach
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third variable problem, causality
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Issues with the experimental approach
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"losing" the individual, generalizability from the lab, experimenter bias
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Canadian Code of Ethics - 4 Principles
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1) Respect for the dignity of persons
2) Responsible caring 3) Integrity in relationships 4) Responsibility to society |
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5 Basic Ethical Research points
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1) The right to privacy
2) Protection from harm 3) Deception/Debriefing 4) Informed consent 5) Researcher's social and moral responsibilities |
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Define Personality Assessment
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The systematic measurement of many aspects of personality
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Why use personality assessment?
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to obtain (meaningful) information, to communicate the information (inform/educate), and to predict future behaviour
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Where is personality assessment done?
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examples: clinical settings, counseling settings, legal settings, educational/guidance settings, corporate settings, research settings
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Explain reliability of personality assessment
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is the personality test or measure consistent across time and raters?
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Explain validity of personality assessment
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does is measure what it claims to measure?
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Explain Test-Retest Reliability
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consistency across time
two sets of scores, same test... test dates separated by more than a week, but no more than 3 months |
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Explain Face Validity
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judging a book by its cover
the degree to which a test looks like what it says it is supposedly measuring |
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Explain Content Validity
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it's what inside that counts
the extent to which a test contains items reflecting the dimension of personality being measured |
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Explain Criterion Validity
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making predictions
the ability of a test to predict a behaviour in a particular situation |
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Explain Acquiescence
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we tend to agree if unsure of the answer
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Explain Social Desirability
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we try to respond in a way that is socially acceptable
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Explain Construct Validity
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measuring what cannot be seen
establishing the relationship between a test score and a set of behaviours |
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Explain Discriminant Validity
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making a clear distinction - figure out what it doesn't correlate with
the degree to which your measure does not relate to others in a predictable manner |
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Four main methods of personality assessment and one extra
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1) Ask the person directly: objective self report
2) Ask the person indirectly: projective techniques 3) Watch what they do: behavioural techniques 4) Measure bodily processes: psychophysiological techniques 5) Life outcomes |
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Strengths of objective self report
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objective and standardized
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Limitations of objective self report
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relies on individual's report
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Strengths of projective techniques/indirect assessment
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freedom of response
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Limitations of projective techniques/indirect assessment
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scoring, interpretation and validity (how can you score/interpret it?
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Examples of projective/indirect techniques
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Rorschach inkblot
"TAT" - Thematic Apperception Test |
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Examples of objective self report techniques
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MMPI II
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Strengths of behavioural techniques
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involves environmental and cognitive variables, diverse methods
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Limitations of behavioural techniques
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what's important? observer and participant biases, impact on participant behaviour
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Examples of behavioural techniques
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self monitoring (keeping a journal), "other" monitoring (your roommate observing you)
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Strengths of psychophysiological techniques
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diverse methods, the ability to simultaneously use the diverse methods, able to determine biological bases of behaviour
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Limitations of psychophysiological techniques
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what does is all really mean? interpretation
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Examples of psychophysiological techniques
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ELECTROPHYSIOLICAL:
EEG- electrical activity of brain ECG- electrical activity of heart EDA- changes in skin surface EMG- muscular activity and tension BRAIN ACTIVITY: fMRI- magnetic properties associated with the use of oxygen in the blood PET- consumption rate of energy-providing substances BIOCHEMICAL: neurotransmitters hormones genetic properties |
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Strengths of assessing life outcomes
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important for applied psychology
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Limitations of assessing life outcomes
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may not be influenced by personality at all, other forces at work
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Examples of assessing life outcomes
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use of life indicators in personality research like marital status or employment status
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Ethical issues in personality assessment
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unwitting disclosure
privacy - use of test results by others self fulfilling prophecy - use of test results by self qualifications/competencies of examiner how data is interpreted dealing with diversity - EVERYONE has a bias |
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3 people that Freud believed were most influential
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Copernicus, Darwin, and himself
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Freud's first case study
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Anna O and the origins of hysteria
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Explain Freud's seduction theory
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sexual abuse (in childhood) presents problems later in life... repressed sexual memories
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Explain psychic determinism
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everything happens for a reason; our unconscious desires take over
ex. "accidentally" missed your turn while driving because you don't actually want to reach your destination |
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Explain instincts
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driving forces whose aim is to reduce an internal source of tension
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Explain libido
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sexual life instinct
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Explain thanatos
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death instinct... life instinct keeps this under control, but it still presents itself in other ways.
ex. watching horror movies |
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3 parts of Freud's topographic model
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conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
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3 parts of Freud's structural model
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Id (pleasure principle), Ego (reality), Superego (moral)
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Psychosexual stages of development
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1) Oral
2) Anal 3) Phallic 4) Latency 5) Genital |
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What are the two complexes Freud believed took place during the Phallic stage?
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Oedipal complex (boys) - castration anxiety
Electra complex (girls) - penis envy |
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3 types of anxiety
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1) Reality/Objective
2) Moral 3) Neurotic |
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Define Repression
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a defense mechanism by which threatening information is removed from conscious awareness... keeping things down
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Define Sublimation
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a defense mechanism by which unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable actions... turn negative/bad feelings to postive/good behaviour
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Define Reaction Formation
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a defense mechanism by which just the opposite reaction to a threatening impulse is expressed... transforming feelings to opposite
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Define Displacement
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a defense mechanism by which feelings of hostility are expressed toward a safe target instead of the original, more threatening source... displacing something that is unacceptable to something acceptable
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Define Denial
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a defense mechanism by which information is altered to make it less threatening... denying the truth
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Define Intellectualization
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a defense mechanism by which we turn something simple into a complicated/intellectual situation
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Define Projection
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a defense mechanism by which one's unacceptable impulses are seen as existing in others... take our faults and project them onto others
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Define Regression
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a defense mechanism by which one uses less mature forms of behviour to deal with threatening situations... regress to an earlier stage (eg. security blanket)
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What happens when defense mechanisms don't work?
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freudian slips and we "forget"... don't show up at your professor's office to talk about your bad grades
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Define Transference
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the client's expression of emotions toward the therapist in a manner reflecting feelings toward significant others
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Define Countertransference
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the therapist's expression of emotions toward the client in a manner reflecting feelings toward significant others
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Define Resistance (to psychotherapy)
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responses made by a client to avoid confrontation with threatening information during psychoanalysis
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Define Free Association
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unrestrained thinking and verbal expressions designed to reveal significant information from the unconsious
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Define Dream Analysis
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the interpretation of information obtained from dreams recalled, designed to reveal significant information from the unconscious
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What is the manifest content in dreams?
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the information you consciously recall from a dream... what you remember
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What is the latent content in dreams?
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the unconscious meaning of dreams determined through dream analysis
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What is the purpose of projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test?
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helps to bring out thoughts/feelings we're not willing to talk about
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Limitations of Freud
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negative and narrow view of the individual
ambiguous terms, lack of verifiability and research support experimenter/observer bias methodological issues |
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Contributions of Freud
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first comprehensive theory of human behaviour/personality and internal consistency
attention to complex behaviour, public awareness or psychological principles and concepts birth of psychoanalysis functional utility: influence on human development theory |
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Why study Freud?
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1) Clinical applications
2) Popular psychological - everyday usage 3) The unanswered questions 4) Recent revival of psychoanalysis |
