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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two self construals? What kind of cultural pattern do each have? |
Independent self - Individualism Interdependent self - Collectivism |
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How does language correlate to self-esteem? |
In English, self esteem was rated higher than in Chinese in Chinese-Canadian bilingual students |
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What are the three types of self esteem? |
Self-enhancement Self-improvement Self-acceptance |
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What are the three main attributes of self-enhancement? |
Seeing oneself in positive light Exaggerating one's favourable attributes Minimizing one's unfavourable attributes |
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What is the main characteristic of self-improvement? |
Seeing flaws in self and improving on them |
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What is the the main characteristic of self-acceptance? |
Valuing oneself (including shortcomings) without conditions attached |
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What are five strategies of self-enhancement? |
Strategic downward social comparison Unrealistic optimism Exaggerated sense of control Better than average effect Self affirmation |
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What are two pros of self-enhancement? |
High self-esteem predicts positive feelings Extremely low self-esteem is risk factor for depression/anxiety/drug abuse |
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What are four cons of very high self-enhancement? |
Difficulty accepting criticism Overconfidence When ego is threatened, aggression and puttingothers down Narcissism and inflated egos—social difficulties,esp. when ego is threatened |
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What were the differences in Japanese vs Canadians in persistence on a task after succeeding? What did this mean? |
Canadians kept doing it (self-enhancement) whereas Japanese did it less (self-improvement) |
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Concluding, the self is shaped by what two things? |
Basic instincts like self-awareness Culture (individualism/collectivism) |
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What are self-schemas? |
A cognitive structure, derived from past experience, that represents a person’s beliefs and feelings about the self in general and in specific situations |
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What is reflected self-appraisal? What's the key concept from this? |
Our beliefs about others' reactions to us We internalize how we think others perceive us, not necessarily how they actually see us |
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What is situationism based on? |
Working self-concept A subset of self- knowledge that is brought to mind in a particular context |
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Which gender is more interdependent and why? |
Women The media and possibly evolutionary for nurturing |
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What is social comparison theory? |
The hypothesis that people compare themselves to other people in order to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinions, abilities, and internal states. |
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When is upward social comparison used? |
When trying to improve a skill or personality characteristic ` |
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What is trait self-esteem? What is state self-esteem? |
A person’s enduring level of self- regard across time The dynamic, changeable self- evaluations a person experiences as momentary feelings about the self |
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What are contingencies of self worth? |
A perspective maintaining that self- esteem is contingent on successes and failures in domains on which a person has based his or her self- worth |
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What is the sociometer hypothesis? |
The idea that self- esteem is an internal, subjective index or marker of the extent to which a person is included or looked on favorably by others. |
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What is self-verification theory? |
The theory that people strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about the self because such self- views give a sense of coherence |
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How does self-verification theory act in reality? Ex. |
People selectively recall and display things consistent with self views as well as seek relationships that are consistent Thinking your socially awkward will make you display that |
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What is self regulation? |
How people initiate, alter, and control their behavior in the pursuit of goals, including the ability to resist short- term rewards that thwart the attainment of long- term goals. |
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What is self-discrepancy theory? What happens when these standards are not met? |
A theory that behavior is motivated by standards reflecting ideal and ought selves. Falling short of these standards produces specific emotions: dejection-related emotions for actual-ideal discrepancies, and agitation-related emotions for actual-ought discrepancies. |
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When people regulate their behavior with respect to ideal self standards, they tend to have a __________ focus |
Promotion --- a focus on attaining positive outcomes and approach-related behaviors |
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when people regulate their behavior with respect to ought self standards, they tend to have a ________ focus |
Prevention -- a focus on avoiding negative outcomes and avoidance- related behaviors |
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What is ego depletion? |
State made by acts of self- control, where people lack the energy or resources to engage in more acts of self- control |
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What is self-handicapping? |
The tendency to engage in self- defeating behavior in order to have an excuse ready should one perform poorly or fail |
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Women generally emphasize their relationships and define themselves in an ___________ way, and men generally emphasize their uniqueness and construe themselves in an ___________ way. |
Interdependent Independent |
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People rely on ____________ ___________ to learn about their own abilities, attitudes, and personal trait |
Social comparisons |
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The motives for self- evaluation include the desire for what two things? |
Self-enhancement Self-verification |
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How can self-control strategies be implemented automatically? |
When long-term goals automatically spring to mind when people face temptations that can thwart these goals |
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What is self-presentation? |
Presenting oneself the way they want others to see them |
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What is face? |
The image people want others to have about them |
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What is self-monitoring? |
Ensureing that a person’s behavior fits the demands of the social context |
