Psy101

Front 1

According to Erikson (1963), psychologists must practise 'triple bookkeeping' which means they:

Back 1

must focus on biological, psychological and social factors to understand the individual.

Front 2

Biopsychology:

Back 2

investigates the physical basis of behaviour.

Front 3

In Wernicke's aphasia there is a deficit in:

Back 3

language comprehension.

Front 4

The issue of whether our behaviour is controlled by outside forces or free choice:

Back 4

remains a controversy in psychology.

Front 5

According to Kuhn, psychology and the social sciences differ from the older natural sciences in that they:

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lack schools of thought.

Front 6

One of the weaknesses of psychodynamic psychology in the past:

Back 6

involved the over-use of clinical data.

Front 7

Which of the following is not one of the psychodynamic premises?

Back 7

Social experiences determine the nature of thoughts and feelings.

Front 8

Behaviourists see all important behaviours as:

Back 8

largely acquired by learning.

Front 9

The term tabula rasa means:

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blank slate.

Front 10

According to the humanistic perspective:

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adjustment to one's environment is aided by adaptive traits.

Front 11

The client of a humanistic therapist primarily relies on the therapeutic relationship being:

Back 11

person-centred.

Front 12

Cognitive psychologists study:

Back 12

thoughts.

Front 13

Cognitive psychologists:

Back 13

infer mental processes from experimental data.

Front 14

Most psychological processes seem to represent the:

Back 14

interaction of genetics and experience.

Front 15

The field of behavioural genetics examines the:

Back 15

environmental bases of social behaviour.

Front 16

Ethology studies:

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the evolution of animal behaviour.

Front 17

Natural selection, according to the principle of inclusive fitness, favours:

Back 17

genetically related relatives.

Front 18

If the notion of inclusive fitness is correct, what should I do when I see a car about to crash into a group of people I am standing with? None of the people in the group are my relatives.

Back 18

I should save myself.

Front 19

The fact that infidelity, or suspicion of infidelity, is a major cause of spouse battering by men:

Back 19

supports the evolutionary perspective.

Front 20

One criticism levelled at evolutionary psychologists is that:

Back 20

their conclusions are illogical

Front 21

The effectiveness of emotional expression of feelings about stressful events in later health is supported by:

Back 21

Rachel's good health after her first visit to the psychologist.

Front 22

Good psychological research should be:

Back 22

grounded in theory and use standardised procedures.

Front 23

Any phenomenon that can differ, or vary, from one situation to another, from one person to another, or from one time to another, is called a/an:

Back 23

Variable

Front 24

In your textbook, the author discusses a study that investigates the kinds of boys who are popular. The researchers hypothesised some popular kids are actually aggressive kids who impress others with their 'toughness'. The dependent variable(s) in this study is/are:

Back 24

popularity and agressivness

Front 25

Harlow's experiments showed that:

Back 25

security and comfort are more important than nourishment in the development of attachment

Front 26

What is the first step in the construction of an experiment?

Back 26

Framing a hypothesis

Front 27

In the study of the impact of mood on memory mentioned in your textbook, Bower hypnotised participants to feel either happy or sad. In this study, happiness and sadness are the two:

Back 27

conditions of the independent variable.

Front 28

A new kind of air conditioner is being tested for its noisiness. Subjects are told that the sound it emits tends to make people sleepy so that it would be a good device for bedrooms. Subjects are asked to use one for 30 days and complete a series of ratings, each day, regarding the ease with which they were able to fall asleep. The description of the study leaves one most concerned about:

Back 28

demand characteristics

Front 29

The process of operationalisation refers to:

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turning an abstract concept into a concrete variable.

Front 30

One of the limitations of the experimental method is:

Back 30

difficulty in establishing external validity

Front 31

Which of the following is not a limitation of the case study method?

Back 31

Interpreting the meaning of behaviours

Front 32

When distributing surveys it is important to consider:

Back 32

the demographic characteristics of the population.

Front 33

A zero correlation suggests that:

Back 33

performance on one variable does not allow one to predict performance on another variable.

Front 34

A researcher investigating dyslexia looks at various factors in the lives of dyslexic children and finds the following correlations: +.25 correlation between degree of dyslexia and number of relatives with dyslexia; +.15 correlation between degree of dyslexia and parental alcoholism; -.35 correlation between degree of dyslexia and family income; 0 correlation between degree of dyslexia and number of siblings. Which of these exhibits the strongest correlation with dyslexia?

Back 34

Family income

Front 35

In a positive co-relationship, the distribution of data points will:

Back 35

move form lower left to upper right

Front 36

An fMRI permits us to:

Back 36

watch brain activity during cognitive work

Front 37

The text book outlines four fallacies when evaluating scientific arguments. Which of the following is NOT ones of these fallacies?

Back 37

Scientific reductionism

Front 38

Deception is permitted:

Back 38

only if the study is important enough to warrant it. (Conceptual. It is sometimes necessary to provide participants with only limited information about the aims and objectives of the research in order to obtain results that are meaningful and free of bias. One way to overcome any ethical problems is to ask participants prior to the study whether they would object to being deceived.)

Front 39

Most psychologists would defend the use of animals in research based on:

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the important advances in knowledge and treatment that such research finds.

Front 40

Testing hypotheses empirically is the context of:

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Justification

Front 41

A mental disorder is defined as:

Back 41

the existence of a clinically recognisable set of symptoms and behaviours which usually need treatment

Front 42

Which of the following is a diathesis, as defined by the diathesis-stress model?

Back 42

A propensity for anxiety caused by overactivity of norepinephrine.

A propensity for anxiety caused by excessive parental criticism.

A propensity for anxiety caused by death of a parent during childhood.

Front 43

A clinical practitioner seeks to explain the behaviour of a child who behaves aggressively at school, primarily in terms of that child's family dynamic. The practitioner is likely to be employing:

Back 43

a systems approach

Front 44

.

Back 44

.

Front 45

Research indicates that ADHD is more prevalent in:

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males than females

Front 46

Multiple personality disorder is also referred to as:

Back 46

dissociative identity disorder

Front 47

Post-traumatic stress disorder falls under the classification of ______ disorders.

Back 47

anxiety

Front 48

Severe, early-onset alcoholism associated with delinquency, antisocial personality disorder, and other substance abuse is:

Back 48

highly heritable in males, but not females

Front 49

Schizophrenia is frequently characterised by a “loosening of associations,” which refers to:

Back 49

the tendency of conscious thought to move along lines rather than to be controlled, logical, or purposeful

Front 50

A chronic, low-level depression lasting more than 2 years, with intervals of normal moods that never last more than a few weeks or months, is referred to as:

Back 50

dysthymic disorder

Front 51

Aaron Beck developed the major cognitive theory of depression, the negative triad, which proposed that depressed individuals employ a negative view of:

Back 51

themselves, the world, and their futures

Front 52

What is always found in cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Back 52

Irrational impulses

Front 53

Although the incidence of schizophrenia is similar across cultures, the relapse rate tends to be lower in non-Western cultures. One explanation of this is:

Back 53

non-Western cultures are less individualistic.non-Western cultures have less concept of personal responsibility.

Front 54

Agoraphobia is characterised by:

Back 54

a fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult

Front 55

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder include:

Back 55

hyper vigilance and exaggerated startled response

Front 56

What percentage of patients with bulimia is female?

Back 56

90%

Front 57

Janice cuts her arms when overwhelmed by emotion, abruptly changes from laughter to anger, and needs constant reassurance from others to feel any sense of self-worth. She is MOST likely to be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

Back 57

Boderline personality

Front 58

Your friend begins to complain of pain, suffering or illness but no physical symptoms can be identified to explain their ailment. The likely explanation is that they are suffering from a:

Back 58

somatoform disorder

Front 59

John is often referred to as a 'social predator' and has been described by his work colleagues as 'lacking in conscience and empathy'. He has worked in a range of jobs for the past 15 years, often asked to move on due to complaints of harassment and bullying. John may most likely have:

Back 59

antisocial personality disorder

Front 60

The principle of psychodynamic treatment which requires that a patient has to feel comfortable with the therapist in order to speak about emotionally significant experience, is termed:

Back 60

therapeutic alliance

Front 61

Seventeen-year-old Karla has a severe eating disorder so her parents forced her to begin psychoanalysis in hope that it might help her. Karla is often late for her sessions, and when she does arrive, she is often hostile and uncooperative with her doctor. Karla's therapist decides to explore his patient's relationship with her parents, in anticipation that her actions toward him may mirror her feelings toward them. According to psychodynamic theory, Karla's behaviour may be viewed as an example of the process of:

Back 61

transference.

Front 62

Which of the following distinguishes cognitive-behavioural therapy from psychoanalysis?

Back 62

Cognitive-behavioural therapists are more directive than psychoanalysts.

Front 63

Which type of therapy tends to have a specific focus formulated by linking the patient's symptom or initial complaint with a hypothesised conflict or dynamic issue?

Back 63

Short-term dynamic psychotherapy

Front 64

A person entering cognitive-behavioural therapy should expect the therapist to begin with:

Back 64

behavioural analysis

Front 65

According to your text, systematic desensitisation takes place in four steps. Which of the following is NOT one of the four steps mentioned?

Back 65

Flooding

Front 66

In the ABC theory of psychopathology proposed by Albert Ellis, the 'A' refers to ______, the 'B' refers to ______, and the 'C' refers to ______.

Back 66

activating conditions; belief systems; emotional consequences

Front 67

In client-centred therapy, which element below is key to therapeutic change?

Back 67

Demonstrating unconditional positive regard.

Front 68

The tendency of an individual to respond to negative criticism from their partner with negative comments, is termed:

Back 68

negative reciprocity

Front 69

The beneficial effects of psychotropic drugs:

Back 69

may sometimes be related to our expectations of the drug

Front 70

Which of the following antidepressant medications act by inhibiting an enzyme that normally breaks down norepinephrine and/or serotonin within presynaptic neurons?

Back 70

MAO-inhibitors

Front 71

While benzodiazepines can give short-term relief from anxiety, which drug is now more likely to be prescribed, particularly for panic disorder?

Back 71

SSRIs

Front 72

For which types of disorders have studies found that ECT is more effective than drug therapy?

Back 72

Depression

Front 73

Bipolar disorder is most commonly treated with...

Back 73

lithium

Front 74

One way to minimise the relapse rate associated with the termination of pharmacotherapy is to:

Back 74

combine medication with psychotherapy

Front 75

What is the statistical technique that allows researchers to combine the findings of diverse studies?

Back 75

Meta-analysis

Front 76

The efficacy of which type of treatment is much better established than any other form of psychotherapy, especially for the treatment of anxiety disorders?

Back 76

Cognitive-behavioural therapy

Front 77

An inpatient at the Stay Sane Home for the Mentally Impaired is sitting in the corner, smacking his lips and making repetitive lateral jaw movements. These symptoms are MOST likely related to:

Back 77

the antipsychotic drugs being used

Front 78

A key difference between efficacy and effectiveness studies of the successfulness of various psychotherapies is that effectiveness studies:

Back 78

assess treatment as practised by therapists in the field, rather than in the laboratory.

Front 79

The most striking finding of the Consumer Reports study on the effectiveness of psychotherapy was that the success of a treatment

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correlated directly to the length of treatment – the longer the better.

Front 80

Perception refers to the process by which:

Back 80

the brain organises and interprets sensation.

Front 81

The process of converting physical energy or stimulus information into neural impulses is called:

Back 81

Transduction

Front 82

The nervous system codes for stimulus intensity by:

Back 82

number of nerves activated.

Front 83

According to signal-detection theory, the failure to report the presence of a target stimulus, that is in fact present, is known as a _______.

Back 83

Miss

Front 84

Fechner's law assumes that for a given stimulus dimension:

Back 84

all along the physical intensity continuum feel subjectively like one incremental unit.

Front 85

The innermost layer of the retina contains two types of photoreceptors called:

Back 85

rods and cones.

Front 86

Transduction in the eye starts with:

Back 86

focusing images on the retina.

Front 87

It is believed that colour perception is based on three colour receptors, each capable of showing a graded or variable response. Which one of the following is NOT associated with this theory?

Back 87

Ewald Hering

Front 88

The movement of cilia caused by the basilar and tectorial membranes is critical for ___________ in the hearing process.

Back 88

transduction.

Front 89

The more frequently a sound wave cycles, the more frequently the basilar membrane vibrates and its hair cells fire. This theory is known as:

Back 89

frequency theory.

Front 90

Smell travels from the receptors to the brain via the:

Back 90

direct route, not through the thalamus.

Front 91

Touch is a mix of:

Back 91

pain, pressure and temperature.

Front 92

The most important receptors for pain are thought to be the:

Back 92

free nerve endings in the skin

Front 93

According to gate-control theory, pain may:

Back 93

be altered by cortical input and by activity in neighbouring neurons.

Front 94

A percept is:

Back 94

a meaningful perceptual unit.

Front 95

Which of the following types of psychologists first systematically studied the way sensations are organised into meaningful shapes and patterns?

Back 95

Gestalt

Front 96

Gestalt principles apply:

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To all the senses

Front 97

Visual perception of movement begins in the:

Back 97

Retina

Front 98

When you look up at the sky and simply notice the clouds, you are engaging mainly in the process of _____; when you begin to see the clouds as recognisable shapes or objects, you are engaging in the process of ______.

Back 98

sensing; perceiving