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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Phenology |
Is the study of the bumps on the skull |
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Nature vs. Nurture |
Nature: traits, genetics —> everything we were born with physically Nurture: experiences and responses to environment |
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Medulla |
Located at the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. |
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Temperament |
A persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity; apparent from the first weeks of life and generally persists into adulthood. |
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Culture |
Refers to the patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed on to future generation. |
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Zygote |
Fertilized egg |
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Teratogen |
An agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
Alcohol: can cause fetal alcohol syndrome Smoking: leaves epigenetic scars that weaken infants ability to handle stress
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Gender Identity |
Personal sense of being a male or female |
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Gender typing |
More than limitations; its how a a child gravitates towards whatever gender feels right |
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Gender schema |
The “normal” or attributed experiences of male and female characteristics. |
Clothing: women wear heels vs men wear suits Interests: sports vs cheer/ballet Language: bad language vs expanded vocabulary |
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Parenting styles |
Authoritarian Permissive Negligent Authoritative |
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Authoritarian |
Strict. Implement rules and expect obedience |
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Permissive |
Make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment. Parents are unrestaining |
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Negligent |
Parents are uninvolved. Neither demanding nor responsive. Carless and inattentive. Not a close relationship with children. |
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Authoritative |
Confrontational. They are demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules but especially with older children. Encourage open discussion and allow exceptions. |
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Chromosomes |
Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
46 chromosomes in human genome 23 in a human sperm 23 in woman’s ovum X from female Y from male |
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Heredity |
The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring |
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Genes |
Our codes of life. Biochemical units of heredity made up of chromosomes which form DNA |
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Psychology |
science of behavior and mental processes |
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Hindsight Bias |
overconfidence, and our tendency to perceive patterns in random events often lead us to overestimate our intuition |
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Theory |
Explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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Pituitary gland |
Is the master gland that influences hormone release by other glands including the adrenal glands. |
Helps lactation Releases oxytocin which initiates an orgasm |
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Placebo effect |
Effect involves results caused by expectations alone |
+ sugar pills |
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What do evolutionary psychologists study? |
focuses on how humans are alike because of common biology and evolutionary history |
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Central Nervous System |
The brain and the spinal cord are the body’s decisions |
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Cerebellum is sometimes called.. |
'the little brain' because it shares many similarities with the cerebrum, the main portion of the brain. |
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Cerebellum |
Aids in judgment of time,sound,and texture Helps in coordination and movement |
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Corpus callosum |
This large band of neural fibers connects the two brain hemispheres |
When intact the brain can receives data from either hemisphere and quickly transmitted to the other side across the Corpus callosum |
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Split brain |
Hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them. |
When this happens information sharing does not take place |
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
Complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes |
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Transgender |
Umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex |
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Piaget’s views |
Children are active thinkers.Their minds develops through a series of universal, irreversible stages from simple reflexes to adult abstract reasoning |
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Piaget’s views |
Children are active thinkers.Their minds develops through a series of universal, irreversible stages from simple reflexes to adult abstract reasoning |
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Piaget’s Developmental stages |
Sensorimotor stage (birth to nearly 2 years):Tools for thinking and reasoning change with development. Object permanence. Preoperational stage (about 2 to 7 years):Children learn to use language but cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic,Conservation, Egocentrism/curse of knowledge Concrete operational (7 to 11 years):Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. They begin to understand changes in form before changes in quantity.They begin to understand simple math and conservation. Formal operational (12 through adulthood): Children are no longer limited to concrete reasoning based on actual experience.They are able to think abstractly. |
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) |
Children with ASD have impaired theory of mind, social deficiencies, and repetitive behaviors. Reading faces and social signals is challenging for individuals with ASD Heightened risk in older siblings |
identical twins are more prone to get it |
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Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Thinking |
Preconventional morality (before the age of 9): self-interest;obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete reward. Conventional Morality (early adolescence): uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order Post-conventional Morality (adolescence and beyond): actions reflect beliefs in basic rights and self defined ethical principals |
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Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development |
Infancy (to 1year): trust vs mistrust Toddlerhood (1-3 years): autonomy vs shame and doubt Preschool (3-6 years): initiative vs guilt Elementary School (6-puberty): competence vs inferiority Adolescence (teens - 20s): identity vs role confusion Young adult (20s-40s): intimacy vs isolation Middle adulthood (40s-60s): generativity vs stagnation Late adulthood (60s and up: integrity vs dispair |
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Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) |
Sought to measure ”atoms of the mind” Created experimental apparatus. Elements included carefully measured observations and experiments |
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Edward Titchener (1867–1927 |
Mentor of Wundt. Encouraged self-reported introspection, reporting on sensations and other elements of experience in reaction to stimuli. Used these introspective reports to build a view of the mind’s structure |
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William James (1842-1910) |
Influenced by Darwin. Studied evolved functions of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Authored Principles of Psychology |
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William James (1842-1910) |
Influenced by Darwin. Studied evolved functions of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Authored Principles of Psychology |
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Norms |
are the unwritten but understood rules of a society or culture for the behaviors that are considered acceptable and expected |
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Transsexual |
a person who emotionally and psychologically feels that they belong to the opposite sex. Or A person who has undergone treatment in order to acquire the physical characteristics of the opposite sex |
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Bisexual |
sexually attracted not exclusively to people of one particular gender; attracted to both men and women. |
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Lesion |
a region in an organ or tissue which has suffered damage through injury or disease, such as a wound, ulcer, abscess, or tumor. |
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Neurogenesis |
the growth and development of nervous tissue. Is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSC)s |
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Social Script |
is a series of behaviors, actions, and consequences that are expected in a particular situation or environment. |
people are suppose to be sad when someone dies |
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What are the three key attitudes of scientific inquiry? |
Humility, curiosity, and skepticism |
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Parents have more influence on |
Education and career path Cooperation Self-discipline Responsibility Charitableness Religion Interaction style with authority figures |
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Peers have more influence on |
Learning cooperation skills Learning the path to popularity Choice of music and other recreation Choice of clothing and other cultural choices Good and bad habits |
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Social clock |
is a cultural specific timetable for events to occur |
Age exceptation for... Marriage Kids |
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John B. Watson |
Believed in classical conditioning when it came to behavioral psychology He believed strongly that a child's environment is the factor that shapes behaviors over their genetic makeup or natural temperament. |
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Describe the cognitive decline that occurs with aging, and explain how brain changed are related to progressive decline |
Positive feelings grow after midlife, and negative feelings decline.Older adults report less anger, stress, and worry and have fewer social relationship problems.Brain-wave reactions to negative images diminish with age. Memory, then reasoning, deteriorates Emotional flatness, disorientation and disinhibition, incontinence, and mental vacancy occur later Neural involvement Loss of brain cells and deterioration of acetylcholine-producing neurons Accumulation of protein fragments in the form of plaque Degeneration of critical brain cells and activity in Alzheimer’s-related brain areas |
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Describe emerging adulthood and explain why psychologists decided to make it separate developmental stages. How do views of emerging developmental stages vary across cultures? |
Decided to make separate because each of these stages, people vary widely in their physical, psychological, and social development. For example retirement, some people retire at 65, some earlier, some later. |
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Measures of central tendency |
Mean Median Mode |
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Three natural tendencies |
Overconfidence Hindsight bias Perceiving order in random events |
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