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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory
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set of skills that involve the mental capacity to store and later retrieve previously experienced events; central to being human
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Three Aspects of Memory
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1. Acquisition (encoding)
2. Storage (retention) 3. Retrieval (recall & recognition) |
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Sources of unreliability (Buckout)
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1. Situation
2. Witness 3. Test Process |
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Situation
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insignificance for eyewitness until the crime occurs, length of crime usually short, less than ideal observation conditions
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Witness
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stress, physical condition, expectancy (mugging in subway...assume it is black person), actively construct memory
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Test Process
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one picture standing out (von Restorff effect), suggestion, conformity
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Buckout experiment
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staged crime in front of class; immediate accuracy was 40%
--accuracy only 14.7% on TV news show |
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When can a mistaken identity occur?
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-when a crime occurs, police are anxious to obtain an ID ASAP (b/c memory may fade & witness may be prone to suggestion)
-police line ups (recognition test) |
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The nature of line-ups
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-typical to present everyone at once; those who are not suspects are called "foils"
-important to have high functional size -may be difficult to assemble (especially getting similar looking foils), so photospreads may be used--usually just of head, so possibly confusing |
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functional size
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many distractors that match the subject's description, so that an innocent victim isn't chosen as the culprit
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Problems with mug books
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1. witness must look at man pics in short time
2. if they make a definite ID it may be very hard for them to turn back on their ID at preliminary hearing or actual trial 3. current ID of the subject may now be determined more by their recognition of the mug-book pic than their actual recall of the crime |
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What did Wells' research show with regard to line-ups?
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-false IDs
-high confidence in false ID -wrongful convictions |
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cross-racial IDs (Bothwell, Brigham, and Malpass)
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considerable consistency across studies indicating that memory for own-race faces is superior to memory for other-race faces
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scanning faces
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relatively consistent data indicating that the upper portion of faces, especially hair and eyes, are more important to recognition than the inner features of faces
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sequential line-up
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one at a time
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simultaneous line-up
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all at once
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sequential vs. simultaneous line-up
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-simultaneous easier to compare
-simultaneous easier to confuse because you're looking at who looks best out of the group (more false IDs) |
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Lindsay & Wells study on line-ups
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subjects in simultaneous line-ups make relative judgments, but in sequential line-up member must be compared to one's actual memory (using an absolute standard of recognition)
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Questions asked during line-up
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-Which is more fair:
1. do you see the man? 2. which of these is the man? -even if the fairer question is asked, many will assume that the police wouldn't have scheduled a line-up unles they had a good suspect as part of it |
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Connection between memory and brain
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-Amnesia
-Alzheimers -Being drunk -Getting hit on the head |
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Lashley study on relationship between brain and memory
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-cortical lesions of equal size produced similar effects on memory, regardless of location
-principal of mass action & equopotentiality (can associate any two stimuli) |
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Hebb study on relationship between brain and memory
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reverberating circuits/structural trace
--neurons firing and lead to structural trace --diff. types of memory |
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Neuropsychology: HM
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age 27 had the medial portions of his temporal lobes (including hippocampus, amygdala, and adjacent cortex) removed for the treatment of a severe case of epilepsy
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HM after surgery
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-still had STM & his memory for events predating surgery remained largely intact (still had LTM)
-souldn't form new LTM (antegrade) -shows improvement on some tasks over time, but is unaware of it |
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Alzheimers
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-starts in center at hippocampus and works its way out
-saves basic functions for the end |
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Why are more studies conducted using lesions with animals?
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more control
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Rhinal cortex
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LTM for objects
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Hippocampus
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performance on tasks that require LTM retention of spacial info
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Amygdala
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emotional significance of experience
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What are some of the implications of brain functioning for eyewitness testimony?
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testimony by drunk vs. testimony by person whose brain is working normally
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Acquisition/Encoding depends on:
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1. paying attention
2. imagery 3. organization 4. type of rehearsal |
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Paying Attention
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-concentrating mental effort on sensory or mental event
-limited pool of cognitive resources -usually, we attend to one thing at a time, but (cocktal and skilled behavior) -we withdraw from some things to deal effectively with others |
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Cocktail party phenomenon
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can hear your name even in loud, noisy room
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Skilled behavior
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typically automatic, requiring few cognitive resources
ex: driving stick shift, juggling, music |
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Stroop Test
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-read color of word, but no word
-read shape but not word ----automatic task, but is slowed down because something interferes IV: whether color of word matches actual word DV: time it takes |
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Factors affecting attention
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-eyewitness testimony
-motivation -emotion -weapon focus (point fun at you and don't remember person) -stress |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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ability to pay attention/performance is best with medium stress (bell curve)
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Imagery
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IV: type of word (noun or adj)--within subjects
concrete vs. abstract word |
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Organization
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chunking
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Levels of Processing (LOP) experiment
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-3 levels
1.shallow task (certain letter) 2.rhyming task 3. semantic ask (does it fit sentence) IV=level of processing -maintenance (over & over) vs. elaborative (give meaning) rehearsal -incidental memory task (didn't know would be tested) |
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LOP results
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-low #s because we didn't know it was a memory test
-ANOVA-did 3 conditions differ? -signifcant (p>.05)--t test -S&R not significantly different -S&Sem significant -R&Sem significant -S&R both low and both significantly different from variable with highest mean |
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goal of rehearsal process article
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want to be able to identify rehearsal process
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method of article about rehearsal process
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-20 words from from DIFFERENT category
-5 sec/word -2 min. for recall |
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major findings in rehearsal article
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1. things at beginning of the list more likely to be rehearsed than words at the end (more time to rehearse them)
2. # of rehearsals throughout the list stays about the same (except 1st word) 3. serial position curve is U-shaped (primacy in LTS and recency in STS) |
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rehearsal article (rundus and atinkson)
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shows interaction between elaborative group and maintenance group (both start out with high recall, but after delay the elaborative group remembers more)
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Clive Wearing
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-amnesia
-hippocampus destroyed -damage to frontal lobes |
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Neisser video: "change blindness"
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-lady walks through shot with umbrella and don't notice because busy counting balls
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Harvard experiment
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people taking the application switch places and the applicant doesn't notice
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Do we always pay attention? examples of when we don't
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-eyewitness testimony
-penny (which way is head facing) -"change blindness" -Harvard experiment -magic |
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What is the role of psychology in eyewitness testimony?
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-psychologists can contribute to our understanding of eyewitness accuracy by providing empirical data that are relevant to the question, "in a controlled situation, where we know the correct answer, just how many errors do eyewitnesses make?"
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What do eyewitness studies often show?
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participants are inaccurate
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What is the concern about eyewitness inaccuracy studies?
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may overestimate accuracy in the real world
--in the real world, criminals disguise themselves, prevent victims from looking at them, and instill fear into victims |
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scientific contributions of HM
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-challenged the view that memory is equally and diffusely distributed throughout the brain
-particular brain structures important and led to efforts to determine impact on memory of hippocampus -distributions of STM and LTM -distribution of explicit/implicit memory -importance of medial temporal lobes in memory consiolidation (prob of STM/LTM transfer) -memories are more difficult to disrupt many years after acquisition -investigating other parts of the brain |
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examples of implicit/explicit memory
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-HM could solve problems that involved memory but no "recall these words"
-jimmie being able to find way around hospital/getting better at tasks (implicit) -riding bike (procedural memory) |
