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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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A process that results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or behavior potential based on experience
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Behavior Potential
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Behavior practiced in the past
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Habituation
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The decline in the tendency to respond to a stimulus that has become familiar due to repeated exposure
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Science
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Careful, slow accumulation of knowledge; must be objective and repeatable
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Goal of Science
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Discover laws or principles that govern the relations among objects being studied
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Scientific Laws should:
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1. Accurately describe observations
2. Be general 3. Simplify our conception of the universe 4. Enable prediction and sometimes control of the actions of these objects |
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Operational Definition
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Define what you are studying in terms of specific operations
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Theory
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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behavior
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Hypothesis
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A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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Lexical Decision Task
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"Word-decision" task in which participant must respond as quickly as possible whether second letter string that is presented is a word or not
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Experimental Method
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Allows one to establish cause and effect
Manipulate independent variable to see the effect on the dependent variable |
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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Evokes response without previous learning
ex: food |
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Unconditioned Response
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Completely natural response (no prior learning)
ex: salivation |
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Conditioned Stimulus
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Formerly neutral, but after association with US produces a conditioned response
ex: metronome |
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Conditioned Response
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Learned response to the CS
ex: salivation to metronome |
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Generalization
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CR elicited by stimuli similar to original CS
ex: any bell sound would make dog salivate |
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Discrimination
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CR elicited by specific CS
ex: learned not all loud sounds are harmful |
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Extinction
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Eliminate pairing (UCS-CS) and the UR will occur less and less
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Second-Order Conditioning
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A CS may become a US after it has been strongly conditioned
ex: US-food-->salivation CS-tone-->salivation CS-tone-->salivation (tone replaces food as US) CS-light-->salivation (was never paired with food) |
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Phobia
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Irrational fear of specific object, animal, or situation
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Systematic Desensitization
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Fear is eventually replaced by relaxation
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Steps to Systematic Desensitization
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1. Learn relaxation technique
~relax muscles when tense 2. Construct fear hierarchy ~least to most feared situation 3. Desensitization ~imagine each situation while staying relaxed |
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Implosion (flooding)
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No hierarchy; continuous, intense exposure to anxiety provoking situation
ex:keep washer from washing hands |
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Problem with Implosion
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Could lead to more anxiety
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Aversion Therapy
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Learn negative association in order to stop behavior
ex: drinking and nausea = + association replaced with - association |
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Conditioning
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The acquisition of fairly specific pattern of behavior (response) in the presence of a well-defined stimulus; association of stimulus and response
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Issues with Experimental Method
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1. Expectations
2. Ethical considerations 3. Practical considerations (time, energy, etc.) 4. The experimental method can be slow and rigorous 5. Difficult to control variables |
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Ivan Pavlov
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Classical conditioning;
studied involuntary behaviors/reflexes & won Nobel Prize for research on digestion |
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Edward Thorndike
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Instrumental conditioning
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Instrumental Conditioning
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Actions are instrumental in acquiring reward or punishment
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Introspection (study of the mind)
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The Scientific Method
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1. Develop a theory
2. Form a hypothesis 3. Observe behavior 4. Refine the theory |
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Simplest Form of All Learning
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Habituation
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Problem with Habituation
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An organism tends to recognize an event as familiar, but doesn't learn about the relationship between an event and other circumstances (doesn't learn association b/w 2 things)
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Is Learning a Lawful Process/Dependent on Laws?
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YES!
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How do we discover laws of learning?
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1. Authority
2. Conduct scientific research |
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Authority
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ask someone who is viewed as an authority on a subject (religion, politics)
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Scientific Research
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Experiments
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Evaluation of ideas by criterion of probability:
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1. What is probability I got this result by chance?
2. Best to have a result where probability of getting a result by chance is less and 5/100 (p<.05) 3. There are no statements of certainty |
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Dualism
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The mind is not subject to natural law and cannot be studied scientifically; the body is subject to natural law and can be studied scientifically (ex: reflexes)
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Why use animals in experimentation?
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1. Control of the environment
2. Simpler systems |
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Control of the environment (animals)
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Easier to manipulate the variable of interest, especially with regard to environmental factors
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Simpler systems (animals)
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Learn fundamental principles by studying simpler systems of animals; many similarities b/w animals and humans
ex: genetic study first done with fruit flies |
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Humane Treatment of Animals
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-Federally regulated (Animal Welfare Act)
-Local animal care & use committees |
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Alternatives to animal experimentation
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1. Natural observation
2. Computer simulations 3. Humans |
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Why is Behaviorism important for investigating learning?
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1. Revolt against researching a person's conscious experience (introspection) which was unobservable
2. Techniques of animal conditioning were being refined & the implications of this research were seen for humans |
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Important Aspects of Classical Conditioning
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1. Presentation of CS just before UCS works best
2. Generalization 3. Discrimination 4. Extinction 5. Second-Order Conditioning 6. Conditioning Social Behaviors |
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What is learned in Classical Conditioning?
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)---Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) association
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Conditioning Social Behaviors
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Attitudes formed by conditioning; learned tendency to respond to a stimulus with a positive or negative evaluation along with some emotional feeling or belief
ex: UCS=sweets-->UCR= + feeling CS=Trix cereal-->CR= + feeling |
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Refine the Theory
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Report findings precisely enough to permit replication and revision of the theory; publish in scientific journals
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Refine the Theory
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Report findings precisely enough to permit replication and revision of the theory; publish in scientific journals
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What is behavior determined by?
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Environmental events that are experienced (empiricism)
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Who was first scientist to work with behavior?
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Descartes...just looked at behavior, not conditioning
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Behavior Potential
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learned something before, so have potential to learn more in the future
ex: learned spanish in past, so now have a better chance of learning than someone who had no prior experience |
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Basic Learning
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Conditioning
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Experimental Method
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shows cause and effect; IV and DV
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empiricism
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behavior is determined by external/envrionmental events; association important
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nativism
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humans are born with innate ideas
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What was the control with the little Albert experiment?
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blocks
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Spontaneous Recovery
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after extinction, the CR sometimes reappears
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Ordering for best learning
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CS right before UCS
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Laws for learning
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repetitive, valid, objective
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example of using laws in psych
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being able to predict a friends' behavior
ex: going out to eat |
