Psy 305 Exam 1

Front 1

The Ancients:
-Issues:

Back 1

1) mind/body problem
2) how is knowledge acquired? (nature/nurture)

Front 2

The Ancient Philosophers

Back 2

1) Plato
2) Aristotle

Front 3

Plato said that...

Back 3

perception was NOT the source of knowledge (or animals are intelligent)

Front 4

Aristotle wrote about what?

Back 4

memory

Front 5

Aristotle:
1) memory as a __
2) emphasized ___--derivation of generalizations from observed examples
3) ___ the raw material of thought

Back 5

1) wax tablet
2) inductive reasoning
3) perception

Front 6

deriving generalizations from observed examples

Back 6

inductive reasoning

Front 7

The Ancient Physicians:

Back 7

1) Hyppocrates
2) Galen

Front 8

_1_ believed that 4 humours theory of personality link _2_to_3_

Back 8

1) hyppocrates
2) psychological states
3) physiological states

Front 9

_1_ linked mental processes to physical causes
- _2_ based on his observations as physician to gladiators

Back 9

1) Galen
2) lateralization

Front 10

The Enlightment and Advent of Science: "Psychology" invented in _1_

Back 10

1520

Front 11

The Enlightment & Advent of Science:
-Philosophers

Back 11

1) Descartes
2) British Empiricists-Immanuel Kant

Front 12

The Enlightment & Advent of Science:Philosophers
-Descartes
1) ___ (___)
--vs. (_2_)
3) __theory of human behavior

Back 12

1) dualism (interactive)
2) monism or materialism
3) mechanical-hydraulic

Front 13

The Enlightment & Advent of Science:Philosophers
- British Empiricists (e.g._1_)
2) __ and __
3) __

Back 13

1) John Locke
2) "tabula rasa" and empiricism
3) associationism

Front 14

believed that understanding of the world is based not only on experience but on a priori concepts (introduces nativism--can be seen as the precursor to _1_)

Back 14

Immanuel Kant
1) Chomsky

Front 15

Immanuel Kant believes that understanding of the world is based not only on _1_ but on a _2_ (introduces _3_--can be seen as the precursor to Chomsky)

Back 15

1) experience
2) priori concepts
3) nativism

Front 16

The Enlightment & Advent of Science:
-Scientists

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1) Gall and Spurzheim
2) Weber
3) Helmholtz

Front 17

The Enlightment & Advent of Science: Scientists
- Gall and Spurzheim

Back 17

1) phrenology

Front 18

1) linking traits to specific areas of the brain (_2_)
-- _3_: _4_

Back 18

1) phrenology (Gall & Spurzheim)
2) localization
3) structure
4) function

Front 19

1) mathematical laws for sensory experiences (_2_)
--2-2 = _3_
--2-3 = _4_
--2-4= _5_

Back 19

1) Weber
2) j.n.d.-just noticeable differences
3) same
4) same
5) different

Front 20

1) ALL mental and neural processes can be explained according to _2_,_3_

Back 20

1) helmholtz
2) lawlike
3) physical principles

Front 21

Wundt Highlights
2) permits __ of ___
3) focused ___
4) interested in determining the __or __ of __ (__)
5) focused on __
6) linked to ___

Back 21

1) 1st psychological lab (1879); 1st cognitive psychologist
2) measurement; psychological phenomena
3) introspection (look inside)
4) basic elements; structure; conscious experiences (structuralism)
5) consciousness
6) reaction time and Donder's subtractive method

Front 22

--elemental components of find
1) analogy to __

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structuralism (Wundt)
1) chemistry (like looking at the basic elements that make up a chemical compound)

Front 23

1) call out a single syllable word--subject would press key after identification (_2_), then again after determining whether a second word was related to the first (_3_)
-provided a way of measuring mental processing that was _4_

Back 23

1) Reaction time & Donder's subtractive method
2) apperception time
3) association time
4) objective

Front 24

1) example:
-1st task: introduced light A and would have to press a button every time after light A went on (this would account for _2_ and_3 _)
- 2nd task: person would be told to press a button on left if light A came on, but a button on right if light B came on (this task requires (_4_, _5_, and _6_)
- if experimenter wants to determine the length of discrimination stage in second task, the _7_ allows one to do that

Back 24

1) Donder's Subtractive Method
2) detection
3) response
4) detection
5) discrimination
6) response
7) subtractive method

Front 25

to ascertain (figure out) the "elements" of psychological life (perceptions, feelings aroused by light, color, sounds, stimuli)

Back 25

introspection

Front 26

1) back in the days of Wundt, it was believed that one could study consciousness by training observers to analyze their own experiences into their _2_ and to report on them

Back 26

1) introspection
2) basic components

Front 27

introspection means_1_

Back 27

1) looking inside

Front 28

1) example:
-name 2 animals (dog and cow) and ask the participant to say which is larger--ask participant to provide an _2_report of what occurred btw the _3_ of the task and the production of _4_
- if correctly engaged in _5_, would convey more _6_ perceptual impressions
-might say "an image of a large non-moving bulk and a smaller one.." rather than "I pictured a dog and cow standing next to each other and thought about which is larger.."
-avoid _7_

Back 28

1) introspection
2) introspective
3) presentation
4) a response
5) introspection
6) "raw"
7) stimulus error

Front 29

1) reporting unanalyzed conscious experience in terms of commonsense, everyday language, rather than analyzing into basic components
---must avoid in _2_

Back 29

1) stimulus error
2) introspection

Front 30

problem with introspection: whether _1_ could occur became a major controversy

Back 30

1) imageless thought

Front 31

Watson highlights:
1) founder of __
2) proposed __approach to analysis of behavior

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1) behavioralism
2) stimulus-response approach (only one stimulus for every behavior and vise versa)

Front 32

Watson (_1_) believed that you should only study _2_: _3_ and _4_

Back 32

1) behaviorist
2) observable events
3) environmental stimuli
4) behavior

Front 33

who were the advocates of behavioralism

Back 33

1) Watson
2) Skinner

Front 34

Skinner highlight:
1) __

Back 34

1) operant conditioning (behavioralist)

Front 35

1) the consequences of behaviors (reinforcements & punishments) would determine whether those behaviors _2_ or _3_ in frequency)

Back 35

1) operant conditioning
2) increased
3) decreased

Front 36

James Highlights:
1)__psychology
2) focused on __
--his explanations emphasized the __or__ of psychological phenomena
3) also focused on __ and __
4) wrote __

Back 36

1) cognitive
2) functionalism; purpose; function
3) attention; structure of memory
4) principles of psychology

Front 37

emphasizes that psychological functions were developed by evolution for their function and adaptive purpose

Back 37

functionalism (James)

Front 38

provided detailed description of his own phenomenological experiences (personal experiences on psychological phenomena)

Back 38

William James

Front 39

Ebbinghaus Highlights:
1) __ and __
-- __
2) also able to measure __ (__)
3) engaged in a lot of __ on __

Back 39

1) memory; nonsense syllables; rote rehearsal
2) the amount of memory loss or forgetting as a function of time (forgetting curve)
3) scientific study; memory

Front 40

1) meaningless consonant-vowel-consonant strings (used by _2_)
3) simply repeating items again and again

Back 40

1) nonsense syllables
2) Ebbinghaus
3) rote rehearsal

Front 41

Ebbinghaus
1) engaged in a lot of __ on __-had heavily __techniques and could plot a __
2) downside: he __and ignored the study of __
3) used the ___to explore pretty common cognitive phenomenon: __

Back 41

1) scientific study; memory; controlled; forgetting curve
2) used himself as the subject; underlying mental processes
3) scientific method; memory

Front 42

studied unconscious mental processes

Back 42

Sigmund Freud

Front 43

Highlights of Galton:
1) __movement
2) ___
3) based on his __ movement, came up with ways of measuring __

Back 43

1) IQ testing
2) individual differences
3) IQ testing; cognitive ability

Front 44

Gestaltists:
1) innate principles of __
2) ___--especially how people came up with creative solutions to problems

Back 44

1) perceptual organization
2) problem solving

Front 45

focused on perceptual organization and problem solving

Back 45

gestaltists

Front 46

Piaget highlights:
1) focused on __
2) uses __ as a model and then went to test__

Back 46

1) cognitive development
2) his children; other children

Front 47

discover laws between stimulus-response (S-R) or response-consequences

Back 47

behaviorism

Front 48

believed that science can only account for observable stimuli and behavior

Back 48

behaviorism

Front 49

when was the behaviorist revolution?

Back 49

1900-1920

Front 50

1) the rise of cognitive psychology after or alongside _2_
---took place _3_

Back 50

1) The Cognitive Revolution
2) behavioralist revolution
3) 1950s and 1960s

Front 51

Ascendents to the "Cognitive Revolution"

Back 51

HCRLC
1) human factors engineering
2) communications
3) revolt against radical behaviorism
4) linguistics & computational approach
5) computer science and artificial intelligence

Front 52

Ascendents to the "Cognitive Revolution" : Human Factors Engineering

1) improvement of __ interaction in __
2) highlight of human factors engineering

Back 52

1) human/machine; WWII
2) signal detection theory

Front 53

1) performance is influenced by both physical characteristics of a stimulus AND psychological factors (e.g. fatigue, outcomes); often used in _2_ now, at the time was used to _3_
- part of _4_

Back 53

1) signal detection theory
2) recognition memory
3) detect signals
4) human factors engineering

Front 54

1) depending on what you are being punished for, going to give more "yes" or "no" answers; probably want to give more _2_ answers than _3_ bc what if they really are there and you miss them

Back 54

1) signal detection theory
2) "yes"
3) "no"

Front 55

Signal Detection Theory:
1) if stimulus is present (_) and you respond "yes"
2) if stimulus is present and you respond "no"
3) if a stimulus is absent (_) and you respond "yes"
4) if a stimulus is absent and you respond "no"

Back 55

1) SN; hit
2) miss
3) N; false alarm
4) correct rejection

Front 56

Signal Detection theory is part of what ascendent of the cognitive revolution

Back 56

human factors engineering

Front 57

Ascendents to the "Cognitive Revolution" : Communication
-all forms of communication can be analyzed with a common _1_
--_2_ = _3_
-- _4_ is (a) _5_ and (b) _6_

Back 57

1) framework
2) information
3) physical changes in the system
4) information
5) transmitted
6) encoded and decoded

Front 58

Ascendents to the "Cognitive Revolution" : Revolt against radical behaviorism
1) ___-__
2) __

Back 58

1) Tolman's Cognitive Maps-mental representation
2) Mediational Behaviorism

Front 59

Mediational Behaviorism (1)
2) organism is mediating between __ and __ (__)
3) assume when let the rats explore, they develop a __
4) what ascendant category?

Back 59

1) S-O-R psychology
2) stimulus; response; (stimulus organism response)
3) cognitive map of the maze
4) revolt against radical behaviorism

Front 60

1) example: assume when let the rats explore they develop a cognitive map of the maze

Back 60

mediational behaviorism (revolt against radical behaviorism)

Front 61

Ascendents to the "Cognitive Revolution": Linguistics & Computational Approach
1) ____critique of Skinner's ___, has been referred to as the ___
2) behaviorism inadequate to explain ___ of __; behaviorism can't explain the creativity of ___, how we __
3) ___
4) language is __, and __of other skills or processes; language has its own set of __, it's ___
5) ___'s contribution to the cognitive revolution

Back 61

1) Chomsky's; Verbal Behavior; cognitive manifesto
2) generativity; language (grammatical); language; construct sentences
3) nativism
4) modular; independent; skills; independent of other skills
5) chomsky

Front 62

1) the ability to learn the structure of language is an __2__ mental "program"

Back 62

1) nativism
2) innate

Front 63

Ascendents to the "Cognitive Revolution": Linguistics & Computational Approach
1) __'s contribution to cognitive revolution
2) ____for language construction
3) ___: independence from other cognitive operations
4)____- ___psychology insufficient to explain human functioning
5) ____

Back 63

1) chomsky
2) combinatorial rules
3) modularity
4) internal mental representations; stimulus-response
5) innateness hypothesis

Front 64

Ascendents to the "Cognitive Revolution": Computer Science & artificial intelligence
1) ___helped to break the German "___"code in ___, led to development of ___: ___ (___)provided to computers permit them to ___

Back 64

1) Turing; "enigma"; WWII; computation theory; algorithms (sets of instructions); process information

Front 65

Ascendents to the "Cognitive Revolution" : Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence
1) Newell and Simon's "__" and "__"
2) dissect the steps in __ & then develop ___

Back 65

1) Johniac; "General Problem Solver" (GPS)
2) human problem solving; flow chart

Front 66

Ascendents to the "Cognitive Revolution": Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence
1) programming computers with ___: ___, __, ___

Back 66

1) "human" skills; playing chess; solving mathematical problems; solving well-defined problems (e.g. missionaries & cannibals)

Front 67

Information Processing Approach: ___

Back 67

mind as a computer (software)

Front 68

Information Processing Approach:Mind as a computer (software)

Back 68

1. modularity
2. serial & parallel processing
3) transformation of information
4) limited capacity system
5) symbol manipulation

Front 69

Information Processing Approach:Mind as a computer (software)

1) cognitive skills are mutually ___; skills accomplished by separate "programs"
2) e.g. ___ in ___; ____children; look aft __of sentences and ___skills

Back 69

1) modularity; independent
2) Language; Broca's aphasics; William's syndrome; language production; V-S

Front 70

Information Processing Approach:Mind as a computer (software)
1) language production =(can't produce sentences in a grammatical fashion); but good V-S skills
2) language production skills = good; V-S skills = tremendously impaired

Back 70

1) Broca's aphasia
2) William's syndrome

Front 71

1) good language production skills, but V-S skills tremendously impaired
2) can't produce sentences in grammatical fashion (poor language production) but has good V-S skills

Back 71

1) Williams Syndrome
2) Broca's aphasia

Front 72

1) seeing what she sees, she can't mimic the simple block arrangement

Back 72

1) William's Syndrome

Front 73

Information Processing Approach:Mind as a computer (software)

Back 73

1) modularity
2) serial & parallel processing
3) transformation of information
4) limited capacity system
5) symbol manipulation

Front 74

Information Processing Approach:Mind as a computer (software):
information can be processed:
1) in ___ (____), as when we perceive multiple features of a face ALL AT ONCE
2) ___, as when one level of processing feeds into the next level (e.g., features to ___ in ___)

Back 74

1) parallel (simultaneously)
2) serial; shapes; visual processing

Front 75

Ex of different types of processing:
1) when we perceive multiple features of a face all at once
2) features to shapes in visual processing

Back 75

1) parallel (simultaneously) processing
2) serial processing

Front 76

Information Processing Approach:Mind as a computer (software): Transformation of Information
1) as information travels through the system/program, it ___
2) ex: ___input-->___-->_->___ -->___

Back 76

1) changes its code/form
2) environmental; sensory registers (visual, auditory, haptic); short-term store (temporary working memory); long-term store (permanent memory store); response output

Front 77

Information Processing Approach:Mind as a computer (software): Limited Capacity System
1) can only ___ so much ___

Back 77

1) compute; information simultaneously

Front 78

Information Processing Approach:Mind as a computer (software): symbol manipulation
1) abstract ___ (e.g.___) operate on semantically meaningful ___ (e.g. ___)
2) x + y = VS a + b = (__function)
3) x + y = $132 AND a + b = $24 ( __meaning)

Back 78

1) syntactic rules; mathematical functions; symbols; numbers
2) same
3) different

Front 79

examples:
-studying performance can decline with too many distractions
-can't drive & read map in heavy traffic conditions
- computers that slow down internet access while scan is being performed

Back 79

limited capacity system (Information processing approach)

Front 80

Alternatives to the Information Processing/Computational Approach:

Back 80

1) connectionism
2) dynamic systems

Front 81

Alternatives to the Information Processing/Computational Approach: connectionism & dynamic systems
1) knowledge represented by complex ___of___. ___of activation determine the __ or ___ state (rather than the implementation of ___).
2) analogy of __(___) to ___ (sometimes referred to as "__")
3) emphasis on ___rather than ___. System ___regularities

Back 81

1) associations; basic units; patterns; behavioral; cognitive; formal rules
2) nodes; (units); neurons; "neural networks"
3) general learning mechanisms; modular "programs"; induces

Front 82

Alternatives to the Information Processing/Computational Approach: connectionism & dynamic systems continued..
1) greater degree of __among __ (the __in __)
2) may be a means of implementation of ___, where ___ in the flow chart are designated temporally within a ___

Back 82

1) interaction; subsystems; "boxes"; flowcharts
2) information processing; "boxes"; neural network

Front 83

Rise of Cognitive Science

Back 83

1) Artificial intelligence
2) cognitive psychology
3) neuroscience
4) philosophy of mind
5) linguistics
6) psycholinguistics