Exam 1

Front 1

Will the same textbook for this course also be used during Spring semester?

Back 1

Yes

Front 2

Are you allowed to drop one of the lab exams this semester?

Back 2

No

Front 3

How many points will the final exam be worth this semester?

Back 3

100

Front 4

Name the 16th century anatomist who is now called the "Father of Anatomy".

Back 4

Andreas Vesalius

Front 5

Give the name for the Greek philosopher who's work was considered to be the authority in anatomy until the 1500's.

Back 5

Galen

Front 6

What is the name for the study of tissues?

Back 6

Histology

Front 7

What single word means "The Study of body function"?

Back 7

Physiology

Front 8

Other than a dorsal hollow nerve cord or a notochord, what structure do all vertebrates have during their life cycle?

Back 8

Pharyngeal Pouches

Front 9

Is it true that only mammals have a jaw that articulates with the skull?

Back 9

No

Front 10

In what Class are humans a member?

Back 10

Mammalia

Front 11

Write down the species name for humans, but not the genus name for humans; this is a one word answer?

Back 11

sapien

Front 12

What does an opposable thumb allow a human to do that a cat cannot do?

Back 12

Grip things

Front 13

About what fraction (1/2, 1/4, etc) of the total body is composed of water?

Back 13

2/3

Front 14

Other than interstitial fluid, where is our extracellular fluid located?

Back 14

Blood or Plasma

Front 15

Which of the four types of tissue has matrix?

Back 15

Connective

Front 16

What do organs have that makes them different from a tissue?

Back 16

Consists of 2 or more tissues

Front 17

What is the anatomical term that means "face down"?

Back 17

Prone

Front 18

What plane sections tissue across its longest dimension, like the slice in a hot dog bun?

Back 18

Longitudinal

Front 19

What body plane is perpendicular to both the coronal plane and the sagittal plane?

Back 19

Transverse

Front 20

What directional term means the opposite to the term distal?

Back 20

Proximal

Front 21

If you are holding a lung in your hands, what is the specific two word name for the serous layer that you are touching?

Back 21

Visceral Pleura

Front 22

What is the other anatomical name for the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 22

Parietal Pericardium

Front 23

Give the general name for the double thick layer of membrane that connects viscera to the dorsal body wall.

Back 23

Mesentary

Front 24

Name any organ that is located within the dorsal cavity of the body.

Back 24

Brain or Spinal Cord

Front 25

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope, like the ones we use in lab?

Back 25

1000

Front 26

What is the gas that is often used to preserve specimens that are used to make microscope slides?

Back 26

Formaldehyde

Front 27

How many nanometers are there in one meter?

Back 27

1 Billion

Front 28

A centimeter is equal to 1 x 10 to what power of a meter?

Back 28

-2

Front 29

What is the diameter of a red blood cell?

Back 29

8 Microns

Front 30

Is it possible to see mitochondria with a light microscope?

Back 30

No

Front 31

Give an example of a substance that can freely pass through the double phospholipid layer of a cell membrane.

Back 31

Alcohol, cholesterol

Front 32

Name the organelle that brings RNAs together and is the place where aminoi acids are linked together into long chains.

Back 32

Ribosome

Front 33

Name the cellular organelle that contains proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes.

Back 33

Lysosome

Front 34

What organelles within a cell produce the most ATP?

Back 34

Mitochondria

Front 35

Write out the whole name for RNA.

Back 35

Ribonucleic Acid

Front 36

Name the organelle that is usually near the center of a cell and is made of two units each with nine sets of microtubles.

Back 36

Centrosome

Front 37

What specific type of molecule is produced in the nucleolus of the cell's nucleus?

Back 37

rRna

Front 38

Other than mRNA and rRNA, what type of RNA is present in cytoplasm?

Back 38

tRNA

Front 39

Name the movable hair-like structures that extend from the surface of cells in the respiratory passages in non-smokers?

Back 39

Cilia

Front 40

Name the yellow stretchy fibers found in some connective tissue.

Back 40

Elastin

Front 41

What is the only type of cell division that occurs inside puppies?

Back 41

Mitosis

Front 42

How many autosomes are there in each oocyte (egg) cell?

Back 42

22

Front 43

How many sex chromosomes are there in each sperm cell?

Back 43

1

Front 44

Draw a stick figure showing what a pair of "chromosomes" look like in the 4N configuration?

Back 44

XX

Front 45

During what phase (Interphase, telophase, etc) of the life of a cell chromatids seperate and the centromers "snap"?

Back 45

Anophase

Front 46

What is the name for the phase (Interphase, telophase, etc) that comes right after telophase?

Back 46

Interphase, G1

Front 47

What happens during prophase of meiosis that does not happen during prophase of mitosis?

Back 47

Crossing over or Synapsis

Front 48

What is the genetic condition that causes Turner's syndrome?

Back 48

XO

Front 49

Can there be a water gradient if the solutions on both sides of a membrane are isotonic?

Back 49

No

Front 50

What molecules move across the cell membrane of an intestinal cell during osmosis?

Back 50

Water

Front 51

What part of the solution does the "hyper" refer to in a hypertonic solution?

Back 51

Solute

Front 52

Does a hypotonic solution contain more water or does it contain less water than the solution on the other side of the membrane?

Back 52

More

Front 53

Give the "osmotic" name for the solution around the outside of a cell that is shrinking because of the solution.

Back 53

Hypertonic

Front 54

Would the sodium concentration in fresh dialyzing fluid be higher, lower, or the same to clear blood that has too much sodium?

Back 54

Lower

Front 55

What is required for all active processes like the sodium/potassium pump that is not required for diffusion?

Back 55

ATP or Energy Source

Front 56

What is the name for the process by which white blood cells "eat" by forming a membrane vesicle that surrounds a bacteria?

Back 56

Phagocytosis

Front 57

Which of the 3 basic embryonic tissue layers gives rise to muscles?

Back 57

Mesoderm

Front 58

Other than a "free surface", what characteristic do almost all epithelial cells have?

Back 58

Basement Membrane

Front 59

Give a function of epithelial tissue other than: absorption, protection, excretion, or filtration.

Back 59

Secretion or Diffusion

Front 60

What is the name for a type of epithelial cell that is one cell layer thick, but looks like it is more than one cell layer thick?

Back 60

Pseudostratified

Front 61

What is the name for the shape of a cell that is flat like a fried egg?

Back 61

Squamos

Front 62

Give the specific one word name for the epithelium that lines blood vessels?

Back 62

Endothelium

Front 63

What type of epithelium is the inner surface of the mouth (the surface that touches food) made of?

Back 63

Stratified Squamos

Front 64

What substance is produced by goblet cells?

Back 64

Mucus

Front 65

Are the linings of the esophagus and stomach ciliated?

Back 65

No

Front 66

What type of epithelium is found in the larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, anal canal, and male urethra?

Back 66

Stratified Columnar

Front 67

Give the general name for a group of membranes that do open to the outside of the body.

Back 67

Mucous

Front 68

WHat is the name for the condition where too much fluid is present in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 68

Acites

Front 69

What is the name for the membrane that surrounds a joint like the knee or between finger bones?

Back 69

Synovial

Front 70

WHat do exocrine glands have that endocrine glands do not have?

Back 70

Ducts

Front 71

What word in the name of a gland "says" that the gland is cup-like or sac-like?

Back 71

Acinar or Alveolar

Front 72

What is the mechanism by which holocrine glands secrete their product?

Back 72

Whole cell is secreted

Front 73

What specific type of tissue makes up the ligaments between vertebrae and is also present in arterial walls?

Back 73

Elastic Connective Tissue

Front 74

Give the name for a young cartilage cell that is actively producing matrix.

Back 74

Chondroblast

Front 75

What specific type of connective tissue are intervertebral discs made of?

Back 75

Omit

Front 76

What is the name for a flat sheet of connective tissue that acts like a tendon and is located between a muscle and a bone?

Back 76

Aponeurosis

Front 77

You know the name for a membrane around a cartilage, what do you think is the name for a membrane around a bone?

Back 77

Periosteum

Front 78

Name the specific tissue that the rings in the trachea are made of?

Back 78

Hyaline Cartilage

Front 79

What is the name for the toiled seat-like structure that is located between the larynx and the pharynx?

Back 79

Epiglottis

Front 80

What is present inside canaliculi?

Back 80

"Arms" or osteocytes

Front 81

In which type of muscle tissue do fibers form little net-like brances?

Back 81

Cardiac

Front 82

Other than oligondendrocytes, what cells form multiple layers of cell membrane around axons?

Back 82

Schwann

Front 83

Are smooth muscles in the esophagus voluntary or are they involuntary?

Back 83

Involuntary

Front 84

Is the lowering of serum glucose level by the action of insulin an example of negative feedback or is it positive feedback?

Back 84

Negative Feedback

Front 85

Give a value that would be a normal glucose level in blood.

Back 85

80-120 mg/dL

Front 86

What specific cells become a Melanoma?

Back 86

Melonocytes

Front 87

Name the layer of dermis that forms the ridges that make fingerprints.

Back 87

Papillary

Front 88

Name the modified sebaceous gland that is called a chalazion when inflammed.

Back 88

Meibomian (Torsal)

Front 89

Which layer of epidermis is present only in thick skin?

Back 89

Stratum Lucidum

Front 90

Name the last phase of hair growth during which hair stops growing and falls out?

Back 90

Telogen

Front 91

Which birthmark usually fades with time: a cavernous hemangioma or a capillary hemangioma?

Back 91

Capillary hemangioma

Front 92

What gland produces sebum?

Back 92

Sebaceous

Front 93

What is the name for the tiny muscle that is attached to hair follicle and contracts to make its hair stand up?

Back 93

Arrector Pili

Front 94

What is the common name for an eponychium?

Back 94

Cuticle

Front 95

What is the name for the waterproofing molecule that is present in the outermost layer of epidermis?

Back 95

Keratin

Front 96

How many points are each lecture quiz worth this semester?

Back 96

20

Front 97

What is the minimum number of adults that must be in the lab "after hours", like on weekends?

Back 97

2

Front 98

What experiment did William Harvey do that earned him the title of "Father of Physiology"?

Back 98

Showed that blood flows through arteries and veins

Front 99

In what Phylum are humans a member?

Back 99

Chordatea

Front 100

Other than pharyngeal pouches or a dorsal hollow nerve cord, what structure do all vertebrates have during their life cycle?

Back 100

notochord

Front 101

Is it true that mammals are the only animals that have hair?

Back 101

Yes

Front 102

What does the word diphondontia mean?

Back 102

2 Sets of teeth

Front 103

Write out the whole scientific name for humans?

Back 103

Homo sapien

Front 104

What anatomical characteristic has allowed humans to become very successful animals other than: being bipedal, stereoscopic vision, large brains, vocal structure or use of language?

Back 104

Buodontia or Opposable Thumbs

Front 105

What is the name for the process that keeps internal conditions constant and is what physiology is all about?

Back 105

Homeostasis

Front 106

What is the name for the space that means "between tissues" and is neither blood nor cytoplasm?

Back 106

Interstitial or Extracellular

Front 107

What is the general term for any group of similiar cells that work together for a common function?

Back 107

Tissue

Front 108

What is the meaning of the word rectus?

Back 108

Straight

Front 109

Do palms of the hand face the anterior or do they fae the posterior direction when the body is in the anatomical positoin?

Back 109

Anterior

Front 110

What directional term means the opposite to the term caudal in the human?

Back 110

Cranial/Superior

Front 111

What specific plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves?

Back 111

Coronal or Frontal

Front 112

What body organ is located within the inferior part of the dorsal body cavitiy?

Back 112

Spinal Cord

Front 113

Name nay organ that is located within the mediastinum.

Back 113

Trochea, esophagus, thymus

Front 114

Give the specific two word name for the layer that lines the inner surface of the pericardial sac.

Back 114

Parietal Pericardium

Front 115

Give the specific two word name for the outer mesothelial covering of the stomach and intestine.

Back 115

Visceral Peritoneum

Front 116

What is the maximum resolution of a light microscope?

Back 116

0.2 microns

Front 117

What type of microscope would be used to best see tiny "whiskers" on the face of a dust mite?

Back 117

SEM

Front 118

During the preparation of microscope slides, what must be done to the tissue so that hot paraffin can diffuse into cells?

Back 118

Dehydrate or replace water with alcohol

Front 119

How many millimeters are there in one meter?

Back 119

1000

Front 120

Is it possible to see ribosomes with a light microscope?

Back 120

No

Front 121

Name the molecule that looks like a balloon with two strings that is seen in drawings of cell membranes.

Back 121

Phospholipid

Front 122

What is the function of a ribosome?

Back 122

Protein Synthesis

Front 123

Give the name for the cellular organelle that looks like two bundles of straws lying close together.

Back 123

Centrosome or centrioles

Front 124

What structure seen in a microscope is the part of a cell that produces ribosomal RNA?

Back 124

Nucleolus

Front 125

Which of the three types of RNA determines the order in which amino acids will be combined?

Back 125

mRNA

Front 126

What molecule is chromatin made of?

Back 126

DNA

Front 127

Name a fiber that is found in matrix other than collagen or elastin?

Back 127

Reticulin

Front 128

Give the name for a cell adhesion protein that glues cells together.

Back 128

Laminin or Fibronectin

Front 129

What is the only type of cell division that occurs inside a third grade student?

Back 129

Mitosis

Front 130

Are mitochondria located on the outside of a cell or are they located in the inside of a cell?

Back 130

Inside

Front 131

What is the general name for the chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes?

Back 131

Autosomes

Front 132

During what phase (prohpase, anaphase, etc) of cell division do "chromosomes" line up in the center of the cell?

Back 132

Metaphase

Front 133

During what phase (prohpase, metaphase, etc) of cell division does cytokinesis begin?

Back 133

Anaphase

Front 134

During what period (like "S", G1, or prophase) of the cell cycle are most mitochondria produced?

Back 134

G2

Front 135

What benefit does a species gain because chromosomal crossing over occurs

Back 135

Increased Variability

Front 136

What abnormal birth condition is caused by a chromosomal deletion on one of the number five chromosomes?

Back 136

Cri du Chat (Cat-Cry Syndrome_

Front 137

What is the name for the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

Back 137

Diffusion

Front 138

What would the potassium concentration be in dialyzing fluid if someone on dialysis has too much potassium in their blood?

Back 138

Low potassium in dialyzing fluid

Front 139

If the solution on one side of a membrane is hypertonic, what is the solution on the other side of the membrane called?

Back 139

Hypotonic

Front 140

What is the special name for the type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs water in tiny vesicles?

Back 140

Pinocytosis

Front 141

Give the name for the embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system.

Back 141

Extoderm

Front 142

Other than a "free surface" what is the other major characteristic that almost all epithelial cells have?

Back 142

Basement Membrane

Front 143

Give the specific one word name for the epithelium that lines all surfaces within the peritoneal cavity.

Back 143

Mesothelium

Front 144

Give the specific name for the tissue that is the lining of the ureter.

Back 144

Transitional Epithelium

Front 145

Name the tissue that lines the upper respiratory passages and the eustachian tube.

Back 145

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 146

Other than producing hormones, how do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands?

Back 146

Ductless or Secrete directly into blood

Front 147

What is the shape of an eccrine sweat gland?

Back 147

Tubular

Front 148

Give the specific name for a cell that is actively producing matrix in elastic cartilage?

Back 148

Chondroblasts

Front 149

What specific type of tissue are the capsules of the liver, kidney, and spleen made of?

Back 149

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Front 150

Other than intervertebral discs or a meniscus, where in the body is fibrocartilage located?

Back 150

Pubic Symphysis

Front 151

Where is the nucleus located inside a skeletal muscle cell?

Back 151

Next to cell membrane

Front 152

Of the tree types of muscle tissue, which one would be located within the walls of the small intestines?

Back 152

Smooth

Front 153

What is the collective name for the four types of nervous system cells that feed and protect neurons?

Back 153

Neuroglea

Front 154

What is the normal value for the measure of serum glucose?

Back 154

70-130 mg/100mL

Front 155

Give the name for the part of the body that detects rising blood pressure and then tells the medulla to slow heart rate?

Back 155

Carotid Sinus

Front 156

Give the name of the hormone that causes serum calcium level to rise.

Back 156

Parathormone

Front 157

What type of feedback is seen when a fetal head presses against the cervix thus causing increased uterine contractions?

Back 157

Positive

Front 158

What does skin protect us from other than: germs, UV radiation, mechanical contact, or temperature changes?

Back 158

Dehydration

Front 159

What percentage of skin consists of both arms and one leg?

Back 159

36%

Front 160

Which layer is thicker, the epidermis or the dermis?

Back 160

Dermis

Front 161

What layer in the epidermis consists of cells that are also called "prickle cells"?

Back 161

Stratum Spinosum

Front 162

Name the layer of the epidermis where cell division begins.

Back 162

Stratum Basale

Front 163

In the "ABCDs" of recognizing a melanoma, what did the "D" stand for?

Back 163

Diometa

Front 164

Name the layer of dermis that forms ridges that make finderprints.

Back 164

Papillary

Front 165

What color is the ball on the end of a hair that has been pulled out before it is ready to fall out?

Back 165

Black

Front 166

What is the name for the moon shaped area on the finger nail that is distal to the eponychium?

Back 166

Lunula

Front 167

What class of lever is closing the jaw an example?

Back 167

3

Front 168

What does the word hemopoiesis mean?

Back 168

Blood Formation

Front 169

What is the name for the holes in the surface of a bone through which blood vessels pass?

Back 169

Nutrient Foramina

Front 170

Gross Anatomy

Back 170

Size (things seen with the naked eye)

Front 171

What is the study of structure by dissection?

Back 171

Anatomy

Front 172

What type of anatomy is used to see small stuff like cytology and histology?

Back 172

Microscopic Anatomy

Front 173

Who was the "Father of Anatomy"?

Back 173

Andreas Vesalius

Front 174

Where was Andreas Vesalius born?

Back 174

Brussels

Front 175

What type of anatomy is the study of similar organisms?

Back 175

Comparative Anatomy

Front 176

What is the study of biological function?

Back 176

Physiology

Front 177

What is the anatomy of embryos?

Back 177

Developmental Anatomy

Front 178

What organ has both Anatomy and Physiology?

Back 178

Heart

Front 179

What is a system that is deveopled by biologists to name and show relationships between living organisms?

Back 179

Taxonimic Scheme

Front 180

What are the 3 types of domains?

Back 180

Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya

Front 181

Which of the 3 domains is the biggest?

Back 181

Eukarya

Front 182

Which type of domain includes "ancient bacteria"?

Back 182

Archaea

Front 183

Which type of domain includes "other bacteria"?

Back 183

Eubacteria

Front 184

What Kingdom are humans in?

Back 184

Animalia

Front 185

What does each Kingdom contain that contains similar organisms?

Back 185

Phyla

Front 186

Which Phylum are humans in?

Back 186

Chordata

Front 187

Chordates are creatures that have what?

Back 187

Backbones

Front 188

What are the three things all chordates have during some phase of their life?

Back 188

Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, and pharyngeal pouch

Front 189

What is a stiff rod that runs down the back of chordates?

Back 189

Notochord

Front 190

What phase of life does the notochord exist and what does it get replaced by?

Back 190

Embryonic phase and gets replaced by bone

Front 191

What is a primitive chordate that lives in the marine environment off the coast of Southern California and South Carolina to South America and is about 5 cm long?

Back 191

Amphioxus

Front 192

What are pouches in the throat that open as gills in fish?

Back 192

Pharyngeal Pouches

Front 193

What does a humans first pouch become?

Back 193

Middle Ear Cavity and Eustachian Tube

Front 194

What Class are humans in?

Back 194

Mammalia

Front 195

What other characteristics do only mammals have other than: mammary glands, hair, facial muscles, heterodont teeth, diphondontia, a diaphragm, external ears, four chambered heart with a left aortic arch, single lower jaw bone articulating with skull, 7 cervical vertebrae, and non-nucleated RBC?

Back 195

3 ear ossicles

Front 196

What Order are humans in?

Back 196

Primate

Front 197

What 2 things do all primates have?

Back 197

Large brains & Opposable Thumbs

Front 198

In what Family are humans in?

Back 198

Hominidae

Front 199

What means different types of teeth?

Back 199

Heterodontia

Front 200

How many types of teeth do most mammals have?

Back 200

4

Front 201

What is the basic unit of life?

Back 201

Cell

Front 202

What is the study of cells?

Back 202

Cytology

Front 203

What means "same standing"?

Back 203

Homeostasis

Front 204

How much of the water that is composed in the body is located INSIDE cells?

Back 204

2/3

Front 205

What are the 2 types of extracellular fluid?

Back 205

Blood or Interstitial

Front 206

Which extracellular fluid circulates and carries "supplies" to cells throughout the body?

Back 206

Blood

Front 207

Where do the substances that diffuse out of blood that surrounds cells go into?

Back 207

Interstitial Fluid

Front 208

What is an organized group of similar cells that perform a similar function?

Back 208

Tissue

Front 209

What is the study of tissue?

Back 209

Histology

Front 210

What are the 4 major types of tissue that have been described by histologists?

Back 210

Epithelial, Muscle, Nerve, and Connective.

Front 211

Which type of tissue contains matrix?

Back 211

Connective

Front 212

What is a group of tissues and cells that perform a similar function?

Back 212

Organ

Front 213

What is a group of organs that perform a given function?

Back 213

System

Front 214

What languages are anatomical terms either in?

Back 214

Latin or Greek

Front 215

What directional term is it when standing erect, heels together, and thumbs out?

Back 215

Anatomical Position

Front 216

What directional term means face down or when lying face down?

Back 216

Prone

Front 217

What directional term means face up?

Back 217

Supine

Front 218

What directional term is the front and leading surface?

Back 218

Anterior

Front 219

What directional term is back and behind surface?

Back 219

Posterior

Front 220

What direction term means toward the head?

Back 220

Superior

Front 221

What directional term means toward the feet?

Back 221

Inferior

Front 222

What directional term means toward the midline?

Back 222

Medial

Front 223

What directional term means away from the midline?

Back 223

Lateral

Front 224

What directional term means closer to the surface?

Back 224

Superficial

Front 225

What directional term means further away from the surface?

Back 225

Deep

Front 226

What directional term means closer to a point of reference?

Back 226

Proximal

Front 227

What directional term means distant from a point of reference?

Back 227

Distal

Front 228

What body plane is where the body is divided into right and left parts?

Back 228

Sagittal

Front 229

What body plane is where the body is divided into EQUAL right and left parts?

Back 229

Midsagittal

Front 230

What body plane means sagittal off to one side?

Back 230

Parasagittal

Front 231

What body plane is where the body is divided into front and back parts?

Back 231

Frontal

Front 232

What body plane is where the body is divided into upper and lower parts?

Back 232

Transverse

Front 233

What body plane is where the body is divided through tissue, like muscles?

Back 233

Tissue Sections

Front 234

What body plane is where the body is divided through the narrowest part of a tissue or cell?

Back 234

Cross Section

Front 235

What body plane is where the body is divided through the longest part of a tissue or cell?

Back 235

Longitudinal Section

Front 236

What body cavity passes along the dorsal surface of the body and contains the brain and spinal cord?

Back 236

Dorsal Cavity

Front 237

What are the 2 cavities inside the dorsal cavity?

Back 237

Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity

Front 238

What body cavity passes along the ventral surface of the body and contains visceral organs?

Back 238

Ventral Cavity

Front 239

What are the 2 types of ventral cavities?

Back 239

Thoracic & Peritoneal

Front 240

What are the 3 parts of the thoracic cavity?

Back 240

Pleural, Pericardial, Mediastinum

Front 241

What part of the thoracic cavity contains the lungs?

Back 241

Pleura

Front 242

What part of the thoracic cavity contains the heart?

Back 242

Pericardial

Front 243

What part of the thoracic cavity is the region between the lungs that contains the trachea, esophagus, major vessels, nerves, thymus gland, and fat?

Back 243

Mediastinum

Front 244

What are the 2 parts of the peritoneal cavity?

Back 244

Abdominal and Pelvic

Front 245

Which part of the peritoneal cavity is between the diaphragm and the superior plane and the pelvis?

Back 245

Abdominal

Front 246

What part of the peritoneal cavity is inferior to the superior plane of the pelvis?

Back 246

Pelvic

Front 247

What is the inflammed sac around the heart called?

Back 247

Pericarditis

Front 248

What is an inflammation around the lungs?

Back 248

Pleurisy

Front 249

What is an inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal cavity?

Back 249

Peritonitis

Front 250

What is a general term that is used for several structures?

Back 250

Membrane

Front 251

What type of membrane lines the walls of the body cavity?

Back 251

Parietal

Front 252

What type of membrane covers the surfaces of organs that are located inside the body cavity?

Back 252

Visceral

Front 253

What means "around heart"?

Back 253

Pericardium

Front 254

What is the layer on the wall surrounding the heart?

Back 254

Parietal Pericardium

Front 255

What is the outer layer of the heart, located on the heart?

Back 255

Visceral Pericardium

Front 256

What means "lungs"?

Back 256

Pleura

Front 257

What is the shiny inner layer of the ribs?

Back 257

Parietal Pleura

Front 258

What is the outer covering of the lungs?

Back 258

Visceral Pleura

Front 259

What means "abdominicpelvic cavity"?

Back 259

Peritoneum

Front 260

What is the lining of the wall of the cavity containing the organs?

Back 260

Parietal Peritoneum

Front 261

What is the outer layer of the organs?

Back 261

Visceral Peritoneum

Front 262

What are membranes that support organs in ventral body cavities?

Back 262

Mesentary

Front 263

What type of electron microscope would you need when looking at whole objects like insects heads, blood cells, and pollen grains?

Back 263

Scanning or SEM

Front 264

What type of electron microscope would you need when looking at thin sections of tissue?

Back 264

Transmission or TEM

Front 265

What is another slide preparation other than: Fixation, dehydration, sectioning, and staining?

Back 265

Infiltration

Front 266

What slide preparation kills tissue and binds molecules together?

Back 266

Fixation

Front 267

What slide preparation is the process where water is removed from the cell and replaced with an organic solvent, like alcohol or acetone?

Back 267

Dehydration

Front 268

What slide preparation has the process which places wax or epoxy into the tissue in the place where water once was?

Back 268

Dehydration

Front 269

What type of slide preparation is where the tissue is encased in wax and cut into thin slices which are mounted on glass slides for liight microscopy?

Back 269

Sectioning

Front 270

What type of stain is used when the slide preparation stains the tissue?

Back 270

Eosin-hematoxylin

Front 271

How big is a RBC?

Back 271

8 Microns

Front 272

What type of microscope is often used by cytologists when they talk about and look at ellular parts?

Back 272

Angstrom

Front 273

What are tiny "organs" called?

Back 273

Organelles

Front 274

What type of membrane has a double lipid layer with proteins floating it it?

Back 274

Cellular Membrane

Front 275

How big are cellular membranes?

Back 275

8 Angstroms

Front 276

What is like the skin around a cell?

Back 276

Plasma Membrane

Front 277

What is it when it allows some things to pass through and other things do not?

Back 277

Semipermeable

Front 278

What has the function to increase the surface area of the cell for absorption or diffusion?

Back 278

Microvilli

Front 279

What means "making proteins"?

Back 279

Protein Synthesis

Front 280

What is a cellular organelle that is the site of protein synthesis?

Back 280

Ribosome

Front 281

What are the "building blocks" of proteins?

Back 281

Amino Acids

Front 282

How many different types of amino acids are there?

Back 282

20

Front 283

What does ER stand for?

Back 283

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 284

ER is an important site for what in a cell?

Back 284

Synthesis

Front 285

What 2 forms do ribsomes exist in?

Back 285

Smooth & Rough

Front 286

How big is mitochondria?

Back 286

3-4 microns

Front 287

What is a cells "powerhouse"?

Back 287

Mitochondria

Front 288

What is produced in mitochondria?

Back 288

ATP

Front 289

What does ATP stand for?

Back 289

Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 290

What is like "money" to the cell?

Back 290

ATP

Front 291

What are membrane stacks with vesicles nearby?

Back 291

Golgi Complex

Front 292

What is an important for cell secretion and synthesis?

Back 292

Golgi Complex

Front 293

What is like the "police force" in cells that clean things up that don't belong?

Back 293

Lysosome

Front 294

What is the garbage disposal part of the cell?

Back 294

Phagocytosis

Front 295

What means "protein breakdown"?

Back 295

Proteolytic

Front 296

What are microtubule structures that form parts of the cytoskeleton and operate during cell division and form cilia and flagella?

Back 296

Centrosome

Front 297

What is the stuff inside a cell that is not enclosed by a membrane?

Back 297

Inclusion

Front 298

What is a double layer of membrane material that is continuous with ER?

Back 298

Nucleus Membrane

Front 299

What is the name for DNA when it is diffused (spread out)?

Back 299

Chromatin

Front 300

What does DNA stand for?

Back 300

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 301

What is the bodies "blue print"?

Back 301

DNA

Front 302

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Back 302

46 or 23 pair

Front 303

What 2 things can DNA do?

Back 303

Replicate itself & make RNA

Front 304

What does RNA stand for?

Back 304

Ribonucleic Acid

Front 305

What are 3 types of RNA?

Back 305

Ribosomal, Transfer, and Messenger

Front 306

What 2 places are RNA present in?

Back 306

Nucleoplasm & Cytoplasm

Front 307

What is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis?

Back 307

Nucleolus

Front 308

What is a "puffed up" structer where ribosomal RNA is being made?

Back 308

Nucleolus

Front 309

What are contractile protein threads in muscle cells?

Back 309

Fibrils

Front 310

What are movable extensions from the cell surface?

Back 310

Cilia

Front 311

What are tiny threads in muscle cells that move past each other to contract?

Back 311

Myofibrils

Front 312

What are intermediate filaments and microtubules form the part of the cell's "cytoskeleton"?

Back 312

Microfilaments

Front 313

What is a structure like cilia, but is much longer?

Back 313

Flagella

Front 314

What type of cells are the only cells in humans that contain flagellum?

Back 314

Sperm Cells

Front 315

What is non-living material that surrounds cells in connective tissue?

Back 315

Matrix

Front 316

What are the 3 types of matrix fibers?

Back 316

Collagen, Elastin, Reticulin

Front 317

Which of the matrix fibers are white, non-elastic, tough fibers?

Back 317

Collagen

Front 318

Which of the matrix fibers are yellow, stretchy fibers?

Back 318

Elastin

Front 319

Which of the matrix fibers are stretchy and net-like fibers?

Back 319

Reticulin

Front 320

What means "net"?

Back 320

Retic

Front 321

What is the substance that fills the space between cells and contains fibers?

Back 321

Non-fibrous Matrix

Front 322

What has a protein core to which GAGs attach?

Back 322

Proteoglycans

Front 323

What does GAGs stand for?

Back 323

Glycosaminoglycans

Front 324

What looks like a "bottle brush" that holds water and provides firmness to the matrix?

Back 324

GAGs

Front 325

What is like fibronectin and laminin that "glues" cells together?

Back 325

Cell adhesion proteins

Front 326

What are 2 examples of GAGs?

Back 326

Keratin Sulfate & Chondroitin Sulfate

Front 327

What are the 2 types of cell division?

Back 327

Mitosis & Meiosis

Front 328

Which cell division occurs in all divisions except gametes?

Back 328

Mitosis

Front 329

WHat cell division goes from one cell (2N) and becomes two (2N) cells?

Back 329

Mitosis

Front 330

Which cell division has only one division?

Back 330

Mitosis

Front 331

What are gametes?

Back 331

Sperm and Eggs

Front 332

What are gonads?

Back 332

Testicles & Ovaries

Front 333

Which cell division has 2 divisions?

Back 333

Meiosis

Front 334

Which cell division has to do with growth and replacement in glands, bone marrow, and intestines?

Back 334

Mitosis

Front 335

Which phase of cell division is non-dividing?

Back 335

Interphase

Front 336

What is the longest phase of cell division?

Back 336

Prophase

Front 337

Where does cell division begin?

Back 337

Start of prophase

Front 338

In what phase does the nucleoli disappear and the nuclear membrane breaks down?

Back 338

Prophase

Front 339

In which cell division phase do the replicated chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?

Back 339

Metaphase

Front 340

In which cell division phase are are chromosomes pulled apart by the spindle fibers and cytokinesis begins?

Back 340

Anaphase

Front 341

Which division is the "reductional division"?

Back 341

Meiosis

Front 342

Which division does not have interphase?

Back 342

Meiosis

Front 343

What is the entwining of replicated chromosomes where the two homologous chromosomes of each pair wrap their "arms and legs" around each other?

Back 343

Synapsis

Front 344

Which syndrome has XXY?

Back 344

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Front 345

Which gender does Klinefelter's Syndrome only hit?

Back 345

Males

Front 346

Which syndrome has XO?

Back 346

Turner's Syndrome

Front 347

What does amenorrhea mean?

Back 347

No monthly flow

Front 348

Which syndrome has a trisomy 21?

Back 348

Down's Syndrome

Front 349

What are other trisomies that are lethal?

Back 349

13, 18, 22

Front 350

What means free and requires no energy from the cell?

Back 350

Passive transport

Front 351

What is it called when diffusing molecules are equally spaced?

Back 351

Equilibrium

Front 352

What is "jiggling" molecules?

Back 352

Brownian Movement

Front 353

What is the amount of pressure that will put a gradient of water into an equilibrium across a membrane?

Back 353

Osmotic Pressure

Front 354

Does a hypertonic solution have a higher or lesser solute concecntration?

Back 354

Higher

Front 355

Does a hyoptonic solution have a less or more solute concentration?

Back 355

Less

Front 356

What solution "sucks"?

Back 356

Hypertonic

Front 357

What solution "sweats"?

Back 357

Hypotonic

Front 358

What solution has the same solute concentration on both sides?

Back 358

Isotonic

Front 359

What solution does the solution stay the same?

Back 359

Isotonic

Front 360

Which solution has less water so the cell will shrink?

Back 360

Hypertonic

Front 361

What solution has less solute so the cell will swell?

Back 361

Hypotonic

Front 362

What is clinical term for a process during which blood is passed through semipermeable tubes which are surrounded by a dialyzing fluid?

Back 362

Dialysis

Front 363

What is the key word in the definition of filtration?

Back 363

Pressure

Front 364

What has molecules that move against the gradient across a membrane from their area of lower concentration to their area of higher concentration?

Back 364

Active Transport

Front 365

What is the process where a section of the cell membrane surrounds something extra cellular and takes it into the cell?

Back 365

Endocytosis

Front 366

What is it where specific molecules like insulin are taken into a cell?

Back 366

Receptor mediated

Front 367

What are the 3 types of germ layers?

Back 367

Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm

Front 368

Which germ layer gives rise to skin and nervous tissues?

Back 368

Ectoderm

Front 369

What is the outermost layer in the embryo?

Back 369

Ectoderm

Front 370

When the embryo grows, the ectoderm folds forming a tube that makes what 2 things?

Back 370

Central Nervous System & the Eye

Front 371

What germ layer gives rise to the lining of the gut?

Back 371

Endoderm

Front 372

What germ layer gives rise to muscle and connective tissue?

Back 372

Mesoderm

Front 373

What germ layer is between the other two?

Back 373

Mesoderm

Front 374

What has a top layer that doesn't touch other cells?

Back 374

Epithelial

Front 375

What is the "gooey" stuff in epithelial?

Back 375

Basement Membrane

Front 376

What are the 2 types of basement membrane?

Back 376

Basal Lamina & Reticular Lamina

Front 377

Which basemembt membrane is composed of substances that are secreted by the epithelial cells?

Back 377

Basal Lamina

Front 378

What basement membrane is composed of substances that are secreted by connective tissue?

Back 378

Reticular Lamina

Front 379

What is a tiny plasma membrane extension from the surface of epithelial cells?

Back 379

Microvilli

Front 380

What has a function to inccrease the surface area for absorption into the cell?

Back 380

Microvilli

Front 381

How are epithelial named?

Back 381

Number of layers, shape of top layer, and presence of cilia

Front 382

What is a specific name for the simple squamous epithelium that lines blood vessels?

Back 382

Endothelium

Front 383

What is a sepcific name for the simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities?

Back 383

Mesothelium

Front 384

What type of epithelium is found in tissue that wears away like the skin, linings of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina?

Back 384

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Front 385

What type of epithelial makes a transition in shape from squamous to somewhat cuboidal?

Back 385

Transitional Epithelium

Front 386

What epithelial lines the stomach, intestines, anal canal, and gall bladder?

Back 386

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Front 387

What are tissue that secretes mucous?

Back 387

Goblet Cells

Front 388

What are organs that line cavities and passages and cover many organs?

Back 388

EPithelial Membranes

Front 389

What is the lining of joint cavities like inside the knee?

Back 389

Synovial Membranes

Front 390

Do synovial membranes have a basement membrane?

Back 390

No

Front 391

What are the 5 types of multicellular glands?

Back 391

Endocrine, Exocrine, Tubular, Acinar, Tubuloacinar

Front 392

Which multicellular gland secretes their product directly into blood in the capillaries and not through a duct?

Back 392

Endocrine

Front 393

What multicellular gland releases their product into ducts which deliver it to a specific spot?

Back 393

Exocrine

Front 394

What multicellular gland is where the secretory part of the gland is shaped like tubes?

Back 394

Tubular

Front 395

What multicellular gland is where the secretory part of these glands are sac-like or cup-like?

Back 395

Alveolar or Acinar

Front 396

What multicellular gland is where the secretory part of the gland is combined with tubes and cup-like?

Back 396

Tubuloacinar or Tubuloalveolar

Front 397

What are the 2 types of exocrine glands?

Back 397

Merocrine & Holocrine

Front 398

Which exocrine gland releases their product directly through the plasma membrane?

Back 398

Merocrine

Front 399

Which exocrine gland is the most common type of glandular secretion?

Back 399

Merocrine

Front 400

What exocrine is where the entire cell is secreted as the cells product?

Back 400

Holocrine

Front 401

Sebaceous glands in hair follicles produce what that moistens the skin?

Back 401

Oil Sebum

Front 402

What type of cell ending means "young buds"?

Back 402

-blasts

Front 403

What type of cell ending means "mature cells"?

Back 403

-cytes

Front 404

What is a "big eater"?

Back 404

Macrophage

Front 405

What type of connective tissue is located under the skin, surrounds visceral organs, and supports vessels?

Back 405

Areolar Connective Tissue

Front 406

What type of C.T has more collagen than elastic fibers?

Back 406

Dense Irregular C.T

Front 407

What organs do dense irregular c.t contain?

Back 407

Liver, kidney, spleen, and joint cavities

Front 408

What 4 tissues do dense regular c.t make up?

Back 408

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and fascia

Front 409

What type of tissue is between muscle and bones?

Back 409

Tendons

Front 410

What type of tissue is between bones and bones?

Back 410

Ligaments

Front 411

type of tissue looks like aponeuroses, but bundles muscles together in groups?

Back 411

Fascia

Front 412

What type of C.T lines arteries, trachae, and elastic ligaments of the vertebrae?

Back 412

Elastic C.T

Front 413

What C.T means "fat"?

Back 413

Adipose

Front 414

What is adipose used for?

Back 414

Fat storage, insulation, and padding

Front 415

What type of c.t has firm matrix (chondrin)?

Back 415

Cartilage C.T

Front 416

In cartilage c.t, what is the space in the matrix where the cell lives?

Back 416

Lacuna

Front 417

Does the lacuna remain if the cell died and went away?

Back 417

Yes

Front 418

What is the membrane around a cartilage?

Back 418

Perichondrium

Front 419

What occurs at the perichondrium?

Back 419

New cartilage growth

Front 420

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Back 420

Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

Front 421

What type of cartilage contains a clear matrix, but does contain collagen as well?

Back 421

Hyaline

Front 422

What type of cartilage is gristle?

Back 422

Hyaline

Front 423

Where are the 3 places that elastic cartilage is located?

Back 423

Pinna, epiglottis, and eustachian tube

Front 424

What cartilage looks like dense regular c.t but is spongy?

Back 424

Fibrocartilage

Front 425

Where are the 3 places that fibrocartilage is located?

Back 425

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and meniscus

Front 426

What has a hard matrix and the lacunae is interconnected by canaliculi?

Back 426

Bone

Front 427

What c.t has liquid matrix?

Back 427

Blood

Front 428

What is the liquid matrix in blood?

Back 428

Plasma

Front 429

What 3 things do blood contain?

Back 429

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Platelets

Front 430

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Back 430

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Front 431

What type of muscle tissue moves bones, is straited with the nucleus at the edge of the cell, and is multinucleated?

Back 431

Skeletal

Front 432

What does multinucleated mean?

Back 432

More than 1 nucleus per cell

Front 433

What type of muscle tissue is striated, but has branching fibers with a single nucleus at the center of the cell?

Back 433

Cardiac

Front 434

What are discs that are located at the ends of cells where they stack on top of one another?

Back 434

Intercalated Discs

Front 435

Where does intercalated discs go?

Back 435

Cardiac M.T

Front 436

What type of muscle tissue has spindle shaped cells?

Back 436

Smooth

Front 437

Where is smooth muscle located?

Back 437

Vessels & Organs

Front 438

Where is the nervous system located at?

Back 438

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Front 439

What are the 2 types of nervous systems?

Back 439

Central Nervous System & Periferral Nervous System

Front 440

What belongs in the Perifferal Nervous System?

Back 440

Nerves

Front 441

What belongs in the CNS?

Back 441

Brain & Spinal Cord

Front 442

What are the 3 types of cells?

Back 442

Neuron, Neuroglia, and Schwann

Front 443

What are 2 parts of neuron?

Back 443

Axon & Dendrite

Front 444

What type of cell is the conductive cell in the NS that communicates with other cells?

Back 444

Neuron

Front 445

What do neurons contain?

Back 445

1 axon and many dendrites

Front 446

What part of a neuron releases a neurotransmitter that stimulates another cell?

Back 446

Axon

Front 447

What part of the neuron is the receptive part?

Back 447

Dendrite

Front 448

What type of cell is like "nerve glue", where it feeds and protects neurons?

Back 448

Neuroglia

Front 449

What is the ratio of neurolgia to neurons?

Back 449

10:1

Front 450

What type of cell is where the cell wraps around axons that form myelinations?

Back 450

Schwann

Front 451

What are maintainers of constant internal conditions?

Back 451

Homeostasis

Front 452

What is a person's normal body temp?

Back 452

98.6 F or 37 C

Front 453

What pH does our body stay normal at?

Back 453

7.35-7.45

Front 454

What happens if a persons pH rises or drops out of the pH range?

Back 454

Person will be put in a coma and possible die

Front 455

What type of feedback stimulus that activates the mechanism is reversed and placed back into homeostasis?

Back 455

Negative

Front 456

What type of feedback is where the stimulus that activates the mechanism is increased and becomes even more extreme?

Back 456

Positive

Front 457

What is the name for the metric unit for which there are one million of them in one meter?

Back 457

Micro

Front 458

What is the name for the molecules that make up the double layer of a cell membrane that looks like a tiny balloon with 2 strings?

Back 458

Phospholipid

Front 459

What biochemical even occurs at a ribosome?

Back 459

Protein Synthesis

Front 460

What cellular organelle is involved in synthesis other than ribosomes or Golgi?

Back 460

ER

Front 461

What type of tissue makes up the thin walls of alveoli in the lungs?

Back 461

Simple Squamos Epithelium

Front 462

What shape would epithelial cells most likely be if their function is secretion?

Back 462

Columnar

Front 463

What is the general name for all of the membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside; like the respiratory or the urinary passages?

Back 463

Mucous

Front 464

Write out the whole name for the tissue of which most of the dermis of skin is composed?

Back 464

Dense Irregular C.T