Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What paradigm?
|
Existential-Humanistic Paradigm:
emphasis on free will, the present & future, and human capacity for improvement |
|
|
Kelly
How is Kelly's theory organized |
phenomenology theory - study of intact conscious experiences
cognitive theory - emphasis mental processes/how we interpret events existential theory - meaning of those events to us humanistic theory - ability for self-improvement |
|
|
Kelly
What is constructive alternativism? **How is it related to Vaihinger and Adler? |
free to construe reality anyway you wish. no one is bound by biography
|
|
|
Kelly
What is the fundamental postulate? |
a persons processes are psychologically channelized by the way in which we anticipate events
--translation: psychological processes improve one's predictions about the future |
|
|
Kelly
What are the 11 corollaries? |
1. construction
2. individuality 3. organization 4. dichotomy 5. choice 6. range 7. experience 8. modulation 9. fragmentation 10. commonality 11. sociality |
|
|
Kelly
What is Kelly's model of the human being? |
people as scientists - a construct is like a mini scientific theory.
main goal in life is to reduce uncertainty by making predictions about reality |
|
|
Kelly
What are Kelly's interpretations of traditional psychological constructs? |
motivation
..jackass theories - we move because we want to ..push/pitchfork - prodded/pushed into action ..pull/carrot - tempted/pulled into action anxiety - awareness that an event lies otuside the range f convenience one's construct system hostility - forces validation of an invalid construct (arguing when you know you're wrong - bad) aggression - extending a construct (go where no one has gone before -- good!!) guilt - acting inconsistently from one's core role structure threat - a comprehensive change in one's core structures (core structures lost validity) fear - a minor change in one's construct system |
|
|
Kelly
What were Kelly's research emphases and methods? |
idiographic -
it values narratives credulous attitude |
|
|
Kelly
Explain the Role Construct Repertory Test |
2 steps:
1. generate a list of 22 names important people in one's life 2. group in 3 and describe how 2 are similar and 1 is different |
|
|
Kelly
Contributions |
emphasized cognition
applied value |
|
|
Kelly
Criticisms |
limited empirical research
important aspects of personality neglected/denied difficulty in predicting behavior many unanswered questions |
|
|
According to Kelly, human behavior is:
|
free
|
|
|
Kelly
There are common themes running through experiences on the basis of which we create our personal constructs. This summarizes which of the following corollaries |
construction
|
|
|
According to Kelly, each construct has a __________ which includes all the events for which the construct is relevant:
|
range of convenience
|
|
|
Kelly
Which corollary attempts to explain why human behavior is sometimes inconsistent: |
fragmentation
|
|
|
Kelly defined __________ as "the active elaboration of one's perceptual field":
|
agsression
|
|
|
Kelly was said to have taken a credulous attitude toward his clients because he believed:
|
that the information they furnished about themselves could be trusted
|
|
|
Kelly devised the __________ in order to identify the constructs a client uses to construe the relevant people in his or her life:
|
Role Construct Repertory Test
|
|
|
Kelly
The statement, "Each person characteristically evolves, for his convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs," describes the __________ corollary: |
organization
|
|
|
Kelly
Which of the following is true of people who have a large number of highly differentiated constructs available to them: |
they are referred to as cognitively complex
|
|
|
Kelly's theory can be considered __________ because it emphasizes the present or future rather than the past, and because it assumes that humans are free to choose their own destiny:
|
existential
|
|
|
According to Kelly, people __________ their experiences, which means they attempt to interpret, explain, or give meaning to those experiences:
|
construe
|
|
|
For Kelly, a creative person is one who:
|
can loosen and tighten his or her construct system
|
|
|
For Kelly, ". . . continued effort to extort validational evidence in favor of a type of social prediction which has already proven itself a failure" defined:
|
hostility
|
|
|
According to Kelly, individuals seek:
|
validation of their construct systems
|
|
|
Kelly
The statement, "The variation in a person's construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie," describes the __________ corollary: |
modulation
|
|
|
Kelly and Kuhn agreed on the importance of
|
perceptual mechanisms
|
|
|
This class?
|
SUCKS!
good job. now keep studying. |
|
|
Kelly believed that each person creates his or her own constructs for dealing with the world. He called this creative ability:
|
constructive alternativism
|
|
|
According to Kelly, a construct is __________ if it easily assimilates new elements:
|
permeable
|
|
|
The statement, "To the extent that one person construes the construction processes of another, he may play a role in a social process involving the other person," describes the __________ corollary:
|
sociality
|
|
|
The extent to which our predictions about the future are invalid determines the extent to which we experience:
|
anxiety
|
|
|
According to Kelly, we experience __________ when we act contrary to our core role structure:
|
guilt
|
|
|
Kelly was said to have taken a credulous attitude toward his clients because he believed:
|
that the information they furnished about themselves could be trusted
|
|
|
.
Definition involves __________ in construing a situation while extension involves __________ : |
safety... risk
|
|
|
According to Kelly, people should aspire to be:
|
something other than themselves
|
|
|
Rogers
What are the components of the phenomenological theory of the self? |
humanism (romanticism) - humans are essentially good
phenomenology - focus on one's immediate conscious experience holism - focus on whole person |
|
|
Rogers
What is the master motive? |
Actualization Tendency:
basically to stay alive and grow/improve "to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism" |
|
|
Rogers
What is the organismic valuing principle? |
What you're using to evaluate something
|
|
|
Rogers
What is the phenomenological field? |
private reality. each person has their own field.
|
|
|
Rogers
What is phenomenological reality? 1 |
1
|
|
|
Rogers
Distinguish experience from awareness |
experience - events that COULD enter field, can experience things you're not aware of.
awareness - events that DO enter field and are symbolized |
|
|
Rogers
Explain the emergence of the self |
the part of the field that is personalized (I, my, mine, me, etc)
--your self concept |
|
|
Rogers
What is positive regard? |
warmth, love, care, respect, acceptance
|
|
|
Rogers
What is an incongruent person? |
state of discrepancy or disharmony
|
|
|
Rogers
Explain the conditions of worth, conditional positive regard, and need for self regard |
cond of worth - circumstances to receive positive regard "You're only good when.."
cond positive regard: "I love you when.." leads to incongruent person, anxeity self regard: need to view one's self positively |
|
|
Rogers
What results when an experience threatens the existing self-structure? |
anxiety
|
|
|
Rogers
What is subception? |
being dimly aware of experience (before it enters field and gets symbolized)
|
|
|
Rogers
Explain defensiveness, including denial and distortion |
defense - become defensive when dimly aware and subception happens and we don't like it
..denial: deny/ reject experience all together - will not become symbolized ..distortion - falsified. not denying all together but making it better fit self concept (calling a 58% a low D) |
|
|
Rogers
What is unconditional positive regard? |
not circumstantial. always positive regard "I love you always even if.."
|
|
|
Rogers
What is a congruent person? |
state of consistency or harmony
|
|
|
Rogers
What are the characteristics of the fully functioning person? |
one who is congruent. open to experiences, existential living (here& now/in the moment), trust in one self, using the organismic valuing process
|
|
|
Rogers
What were the phases of Roger's psychotherapy? 1 |
1
|
|
|
Rogers
What are the conditions for positive growth? 1 |
1
|
|
|
Rogers
What are typical responses to emotional communication? what type of emotional response captures the underlying feeling and encourages further elaboration and exploration? 1 |
1
|
|
|
Rogers
What were Roger's research emphases and methods? 1 |
1
|
|
|
Rogers
What is the q-sort technique? |
developed by William Stevenson. 100 cards, sort cards into order of real self, then into order of ideal self.
|
|
|
Rogers
Contributions |
alternative, positive view of humans
new form of therapy applied value |
|
|
Rogers
Criticisms |
overly simplistic and optimistic approach
failure to credit those who influenced theory aspects of personality ignored (unconscious mind) |
|
|
Rogers
Experiences become part of the person's phenomenological field after: |
they become symbolized and enter awareness
|
|
|
According to Rogers, the only way not to interfere with the child's actualizing tendency is to give him or her:
|
unconditional positive regard
|
|
|
Rogers
After children have internalized the values of those individuals controlling them, their behavior is guided by: |
introjected conditions of worth
|
|
|
According to Rogers, the main goal of psychotherapy is to:
|
bring clients ever closer to using their organismic valuing process in living his or her life
|
|
|
Which of the following questions did Rogers raise concerning cultural engineering during the Rogers-Skinner debate:
|
all of the above:
Who will exercise control? What type of control will be exercised? Toward what end will control be exercised? |
|
|
Rogers
A satellite relationship is: |
a close, perhaps intimate, relationship with someone outside of one's marriage
|
|
|
According to Rogers, if a relationship is to facilitate growth it must be characterized by:
|
all of the above:
Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathic understanding |
|
|
Which of the following concepts has remained important throughout all of the various stages of Rogers's thinking concerning psychotherapy:
|
all of the above:
The actualizing tendency The organismic valuing process Unconditional positive regard |
|
|
Because Rogers believed in the inherent goodness of humans and that the emotions are the best guide for human conduct, his theory can be placed in the philosophical tradition of:
|
romanticism
|
|
|
Rogers believed that a fully functioning person is very much like a:
|
young infant
|
|
|
According to Rogers, any experience we have can be:
|
all of the above:
Symbolized accurately in awareness Distorted Denied |
|
|
Rogers
__________ allow(s) the child to experience positive regard no matter what he or she does: |
unconditional positive regard
|
|
|
What, according to Rogers, occurs when conditions of worth replace one's organismic valuing process as a frame of reference for evaluating experience:
|
incongruency
|
|
|
During the __________ stage of Rogers's thinking about psychotherapy, the therapist became as free as the client:
|
experiential
|
|
|
Rogers
As part of his method of measuring the effectiveness of therapy, Rogers had his client choose a number of statements that best described the person he or she would most like to become. This creates a(n): |
ideal-sort
|
|
|
Which of the following terms did Rogers want to replace the term "teacher"?
|
facilitator
|
|
|
Rogers
The concept of self: |
is very important in Roger's theory
|
|
|
The emergence of the self is, according to Rogers:
|
a major manifestation of the actualizing tendency
|
|
|
According to Rogers, the process of ______ consists of editing experiences via the mechanisms of denial and distortion:
|
defense
|
|
|
According to Rogers, the main goal of psychotherapy is to:
|
bring clients ever closer to using their organismic valuing process in living his or her life
|
|
|
Rogers has been criticized for:
|
all of the above:
Ignoring the unconscious mind Ignoring the development of personality Having an overly simplified view of human nature |
|
|
If Rogers found the correlation between a self-sort and an ideal-sort to be +.69, he would have concluded that the two sorts were:
|
substantially and positively correlated
|
|
|
According to Rogers, if a relationship is to facilitate growth it must be characterized by:
|
all of the above:
Realness or congruence Acceptance or prizing Sensitive or active listening |
|
|
Rogers
Which of the following correlation coefficients between the self-sort and the ideal-sort after therapy would indicate that therapy had been most successful: A. + .79 B. + .10 C. -1.00 D. - .79 |
+.79
|
|
|
The emergence of the self is, according to Rogers:
|
a major manifestation of the actualizing tendency
|
|
|
Maslow
What is Third Force Psychology? |
Humanistic Psychology
|
|
|
Maslow
What is Second and First Force Psychology? |
2nd - behaviorism
1st - psychoanalysis |
|
|
Maslow
What does humanistic psychology explore and expand on? |
healthy functioning
creativity love/play spontaneity personal growth higher levels of consciousness |
|
|
Maslow
What types of needs related to motivation? |
basic (deficiency) needs: lacking them, looking for what we are lacking
metaneeds (growth needs) - have basic needs met, only about 1% of humans |
|
|
Maslow
What are the levels in the need hierarchy? |
Self Actualization
^^metaneeds Esteem Belongingness and Love Safety Physiological ^^basic needs |
|
|
Maslow
What are the reasons for why only 1% of humans reach the top of the hierarchy? 1 |
1
|
|
|
Maslow
What are the B-realm and the D-realm? |
B-realm: B-cognition is a passive unfolding of life.
B-love in non-possessive, insatiable. (B is Better) D-realm: need-directed perception D-love is possessive, selfish |
|
|
Maslow
What are transpersonal psychology and positive psychology? |
"fourth force", centered in the cosmos rather than in human needs/interests, seeking mystical , spiritual, or peak experiences
Flow, here and now, positive experiences |
|
|
Maslow
How does positive psychology differ from humanistic psychology? goals of positive psych? explain character and virtues. |
positive experiences. why is one moment better than another?
FLOW (ex- video games) goals? character strengths - 24 virtues - 6 |
|
|
Maslow
Contributions |
vastly increased psychology's domain
(emphasis on healthy individuals) applied value |
|
|
Maslow
Criticisms |
too many exceptions
unscientific approach overly optimistic about human nature several unanswered gestures |
|
|
Maslow
When the individual satisfies his or her need for belongingness and love, he or she next confronts the __________ needs: |
esteem
|
|
|
Maslow called the needs for such things as symmetry, closure, and for the completion of an act __________ needs:
|
aesthitic
|
|
|
Maslow referred to the evasion of one's destiny as:
|
the Jonah complex
|
|
|
Maslow
Ashrams are: |
places designed to enhance personal growth
|
|
|
The views of human nature held by Maslow and Freud are:
|
about as different as two views of human nature can be
|
|
|
Maslow concluded that:
|
there are no perfect human beings
|
|
|
Maslow
The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) has been used to determine: |
the extent to which one is self-actualized
|
|
|
According to Maslow, the needs corresponding to one level of the hierarchy had to be satisfied before the individual can advance to the next level of needs:
|
substantially and consistently
|
|
|
According to Maslow, B-love is:
|
all of above:
Nonpossessive Insatiable More valuable than D-love |
|
|
Maslow's theory has been criticized for:
|
all of the above:
Being biased toward Western culture Being biased toward male values (e.g., personal accomplishments) Leaving several unanswered questions (e.g., can people who are cognitively slow become self-actualized?) |
|
|
Which of the following did Maslow find universally among self-actualizers:
|
creativity
|
|
|
According to Maslow, what would happen if after a person had reached a higher cluster of needs in the hierarchy a lower set of needs once again dominated his or her life:
|
the person would regress to the lower leve
|
|
|
Maslow
Synergy means: |
working together
|
|
|
Toward the end of his life, Maslow proposed a type of psychology that transcended personal identity and experience. This new psychology was referred to as:
|
Fourth Force
|
|
|
According to Maslow, the lives of nonactualizing persons are governed by:
|
D-motives
|
|
|
__________ is an attempt to create a working situation that is conducive to the satisfaction of human needs as Maslow described them:
|
Eupsychian management
|
|
|
Maslow's theory has been praised for:
|
all of the above:
Increasing psychology's domain Having considerable applied value Emphasizing the study of healthy individuals |
|
|
Maslow believed that the psychoanalytic and behavioristic camps in psychology:
|
only partially explained human behavior
|
|
|
By self-actualization, Maslow meant:
|
an ongoing fulfillment of one's potentials, capacities, and talents
|
|
|
Maslow
__________ perception is similar to a highly focused searchlight seeking objects which will satisfy needs, and ignoring everything irrelevant to that need: |
all of the above:
D- Need-directed Deficiency- |
|
|
Maslow believed that there was a need for a new type of psychology, one that studied the human relationship to the cosmos and provided the ingredients for a meaningful life-philosophy, life-program, and value system. He called such psychology:
|
transpersonal
|
|
|
Which theorists are humanistically oriented?
|
Maslow, Rogers, Allport, Kelly
|
|
|
Food, esteem, and belongingness exemplify:
|
D-motives
|
|
|
Which of the following was a reason for Maslow's incompatibility with the counterculture of the 1960s:
|
all of the above:
He believed that passivism was a simplistic political ideology He criticized the American Civil Liberties Union as being soft on criminals He did not completely condemn the American presence in Indochina |
|
|
May
What is existentialism? |
humans as neutral. not good or evil (like the ID)
|
|
|
May
What are phenomenology and ontology? |
Phen- study of what is in human consciousness. consciousness as subject matter
Onto- study of existence, what it means to be. "what does it mean to be human? a particular human?" people's essence |
|
|
May
What is dasein, and what are the modes of existence? |
dasein - being in the world. a particular person at a particular place at a particular time.
umwelt - physical aspects internal/external environment (nature) mitwelt - realm of relationships eignwelt - consciousness |
|
|
May
What is the human dilemma? |
capable of viewing themselves as object and subject at the same time
|
|
|
May
What are the human potentials and the ground of existence? |
authenticity & authentic life - exercises free will, establish growth, minimize anxiety
ground of existence/thrownness - no control of traits (race, birth, death, natural disasters) |
|
|
May
What are the types of anxiety and guilt? |
normal anxiety - growth process. normal. shouldnt be eliminated
neurotic anxiety - seeking security, conforming to get rid of anxiety, give up freedom/opp for growth normal guilt - healthy existence and can be constructive neurotic guilt - not dealt with normal guilt. |
|
|
May
What is the diamonic? 1 |
1
|
|
|
May
What are the types of love? |
sex - biological drive "build up of tensions and release"
eros - desire to form union with another. tender, creative. philia - brotherly love agape - unselfish giving of oneself to another. (mother) |
|
|
May
What are the components intentionality? |
wish - imaginative playing with the possibility of something occurring. ponder course of action
will - the capacity to organize oneself so movement to a goal can happen. from possibilities one chooses meaningful ones and organizes it so goal can be attained |
|
|
May
What were May's research emphasis and methods? goal of psychotherapy? importance of myth? |
new science of humans - animal research in irrelevant. does nt reduce us to traits, brain, events, or experiences. -- takes freedom in account
goal - not to eliminate anxiety, but make it normal not neurotic importance - making sense in a a senseless world, patterns that give meaning |
|
|
May
Contributions |
call for human science
important new way of conceptualizing personality |
|
|
May
Criticisms |
philosophy not psychology
unscientific approach nebulous terminology |
|
|
According to May, __________ stresses the objective aspect of humans too much:
|
Skinner
|
|
|
Which of the following refers to the world that is studied by the physical and biological sciences:
(what -welt) |
Umwelt
|
|
|
The study of consciousness as an intact, meaningful phenomenon is called:
|
phenomenology
|
|
|
According to May, the human dilemma results from the fact that:
|
we are both the object and subject of experience
|
|
|
According to May, the major problem that young people have today is:
|
a lack of viable values
|
|
|
According to May, the tension between the positive and negative forces (i.e., the daimonic) and in moderation is responsible for:
|
all of the above:
Loving relationship Personal growth Creativity |
|
|
According to May, simply being able to say "I like you" to one's partner, represents which aspect of love:
|
philia
|
|
|
May believed that psychotherapy could help clients by helping them view their lives differently. With this belief, May was similar to:
|
Adler
|
|
|
May's theory has been criticized for all of the following except:
(NOT criticized for) |
offering an approach that studies humans as whole and unique beings
|
|
|
According to May, a science of humans:
|
must emphasize the wholeness and uniqueness of each individual
|
|
|
Whose concept of anxiety did May accept:
|
Kierkegaard's
|
|
|
Which of the following refers to a particular person living in a particular place at a particular time:
|
Dasein
|
|
|
We have no control over our physical attributes, the family we are born into, the time in history during which we are born, and the particular culture into which we are born. The existentialists refer to these facts that characterize our lives over which we have no control as:
|
thrownness
|
|
|
According to May, __________ within humans provide(s) the continuing potential for cruel, irrational, and inhumane behavior:
|
diamonic forces
|
|
|
May said, "Where there is consciousness, there will be myth" indicating his close agreement with:
|
Jung
|
|
|
Meow
|
Kitty
|
|
|
According to May, which of the following are mature values and commitment most closely related to:
|
responsibility
|
|
|
According to May, __________ is the commitment to action:
|
will
|
|
|
According to May, anxiety is experienced when:
|
one's values are threatened
|
|
|
Which aspect of love did May describe as the human drive to seek interrelatedness among all our experiences:
|
eros
|
|
|
May believed that psychotherapy could help clients by helping them view their lives differently. With this belief, May was similar to:
|
Adler
|
|
|
According to the existentialists, if a person lives their life in accordance with someone else's values, he or she is living a(n) __________ life:
|
inauthentic
|
|
|
For May, the goal of therapy is to help the client:
|
live an authentic life
|
|
|
Which of the following refers to the the physical and biological world:
|
Umwelt
|
|
|
The __________ searches for the essence of human existence, for what it is that makes humans human:
|
ontologist
|
|
|
According to May, anxiety is experienced when:
|
one's values are threatened
|
|
|
With the sexual part of love, the goal is:
|
all of the above:
Building up of bodily tensions and their release Satisfying a biological drive Gratification |
|
|
Which type of love is exemplified by a human's love for his or her baby:
|
Agape
|
|
|
According to May, the best myth we can now embrace is that of:
|
a world community
|
|
|
According to May, __________ is the greatest source of creativity:
|
the conflict between the positive and negative aspects of human nature
|
