Psy 201 Exam 2

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naturalistic observation

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In a naturalistic observation study, the researcher makesobservations of individuals in their natural environments (the field). Thisresearch approach has roots in anthropology and the study of animal behaviorand is currently widely used in the social sciences to study many phenomena inall types of social and organizational settings.

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Systematic observation

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refers to the careful observation of one or more specific behaviors in aparticular setting. This research approach is much less global thannaturalistic observation research. (Researcher interested in a few specificbehaviors)

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Reactivity

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is the possibility that the presence of the observer will affect people’s behaviors

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Case Study

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is anobservational method that provides a description of an individual.

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field experiment

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the independent variable in manipulated in a naturalsetting.

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Content analysis

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is the systematic analysis of existing documents. Like systematic observation,content analysis requires researchers to devise coding systems that raters canuse to quantify the information in the documents

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Response set

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is a tendency to respond to all questions from aparticular perspective rather than to provide answers that are directly relatedto the questions.

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Interviewer Bias

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describes all of the biases that can arise from the fact that theinterviewer is a unique human being interacting with another human.

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Sampling bias

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is when you study one sample, the obtained result may deviate fromthe true population value because of sampling error.

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Carryover effect

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is when the effect of the first treatment to carry over to influence theresponse to the second treatment

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social desirability response set

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leads the individual to answer in the mostsocially acceptable way

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confounding variable

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When we actually know that an uncontrolled third variable is operating,we can call the third variable a

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The variable that is considered to be the cause is called the

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Independent Variable

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The variable that is the effect is called the

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Dependent Variable

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Internal Validity

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Ability todraw conclusions about causal relationships from the data

- Resultscan be attributed to the effect of the independent variable

- Experimentmust be designed and conducted so that only the independent variable can because of the results

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Posttest-only design

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Must:

- Obtaintwo equivalent groups of participants

- Introducethe independent variable

- Measurethe effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

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Pretest-posttest design

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- Pretest is given to each group prior to introduction of the experimental manipulation - Assures that groups are equivalent at the beginning of the experiment

- Minimum of 20 to 30 participants are required per condition for a statistically significant effect

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Disadvantages of the pretest-posttest design

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- Timeconsuming

- Awkwardto administer

- Sensitizesparticipants to what is being studied

- Affectsthe way participants react to manipulation

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Solomon four- group design

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in this design, half theparticipants receive only the posttest, and the other half receive both thepretest and the posttest.

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Independent Groups Design

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participants are randomly assigned to the various conditions so that each participates inonly one group

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In anexperiment with two conditions, for example, each participant is assigned toboth levels of the independent variable. This is called a ___________, because each participant is measured after receiving each level ofthe independent variable.

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Repeated Measures Design

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Straightforward manipulations

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is where researchers are usually able tomanipulate an independent variable with relative simplicity by presentingwritten, verbal, or visual material to the participants.

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Staged Manipulations

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is when it is necessary to stage eventsduring the experiment in order to manipulate the independent variablesuccessfully.

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Self-reports

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can be used to measureattitudes, liking for someone, judgments about someone’s personalitycharacteristics, intended behaviors, emotional states, attributions about whysomeone per- formed well or poorly on a task, confidence in one’s judgments,and many other aspects of human thought and behavior.

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Behavioral measures

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are directobservations of behaviors. As with self-reports, measurements of an almostendless number of behaviors are possible.

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a measureof general emotional arousal and anxiety; it measures the electricalconductance of the skin, which changes when sweating occurs.

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GSR (galvanicskin response)

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the ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from the results of a study. A study has high internal validity when strong inferences can be made that one variable caused changes in the other variable.

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Internalvalidity

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External Validity

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Concerns the extent to which the results can begeneralized to other populations and settings.

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Construct validity

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concerns whether our methods of studying variables are accurate. 


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interaction

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Tells us that the effect ofone independent variable depends on the particular level of the other.

If there is an interactionbetween two independent variables, the effect of one independent variabledepends on the particular level of the other variable.

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Factorialdesigns yield two kinds of information. The first is information about theeffect of each independent variable taken by itself

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the main effect

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In a _________ relationship increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by systematic increases and decreases in the values of the other variable. In other words, the direction of the relationship changes at least once.

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curvilinear

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___________ are designs withmore than one independent variable (or factor). All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the otherindependent variables. The simplest design— known as a 2 X 2 (two bytwo) factorial design—has two independent variables, each having two levels.

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Factorialdesigns

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Thedesign can be completely independent groups, completely repeated measures, or a___________ design—that is, a combination of the two.

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Mixed factorial