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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wiliams Syndrome |
Genetic glitch that impairs cognitive abilities and yet leaves great talents |
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Intelligence |
The ability to direct one's thinking, adapt to one's circumstances, and learn from one's experiences |
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Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon |
People who developed the first intelligence test to identify children who needed remedial education |
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ) |
Lewis Terman developed the test by revising the Binet-Simon Scale |
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Who is more intelligent? |
The average IQ is 100, and about 70% of people have IQs between 85 and 115 Although males and females have the same average IQ, the distribution of males' IQ scores is more variable than the distribution of females' IQ scores |
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The Logic of Intelligence Testing |
Intelligence tests do a good job of predicting performance in school |
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The Consequences of Intelligence |
Intelligence test scores correlate with a wide variety of successful life events and accomplishments: Predicts academic performance, occupational status, job performance Correlates with general cognitive ability Negatively correlated with extremism |
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Factor analysis |
A statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors |
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Two-factor theory of intelligence |
Spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s) |
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Louis Thurstone |
Psychologist on intelligence felt that clustering of correlations disproved g and instead argued for a few primary mental abilities that were stable and independent |
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The middle-level abilities |
Lie between specific and general mental abilities in regards to intelligence |
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Data-based approach |
Connects intelligence test performance to clusters |
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Theory-based approach |
Broadly surveys human abilities and then determines which ones intelligence tests measure (or fail to measure) |
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Fluid intelligence |
Related to Data-Based Approach Ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences |
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Crystallized intelligence |
Related to Data-Based Approach Ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience |
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Emotional intelligence |
The ability to reason about emotions and use emotions to enhance reasoning |
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Prodigy |
A person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability |
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Savant |
A person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability |
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Cultural differences |
Different cultures value different abilities; cognitive skills, social competence, deliberation, vocalization |
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Fraternal (dizygotic) twins |
Develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm |
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Identical (monozygotic) twins |
Develop from the splitting of a single egg fertilized by a single sperm |
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Heritability coefficient (h^2) |
A statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by the differences in their genes |
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Shared environment |
Those environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household |
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Non-shared environment |
Those environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household (wealth and age included) |
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The Flynn effect |
The accidental discovery that the average intelligence test score rises about 0.3% each year |
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Genes and environments |
Genes and environments interact Nature and nurture are complex and both affect intelligence Education increases intelligence, But not everyone is in favor of that. The Taliban attempt to keep girls from attending school |
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Economics and Education |
One of the best predictors of intelligence is wealth (SES) High SES can raise 12-18 IQ points Low SES may impair brain development (most influential in early childhood) The correlation between amount of formal education and intelligence is large (r=.55-.90) |
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Existential intelligence |
Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as: The meaning of life? Why do we die? How did we get here? |
