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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language |
A system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and to convey meaning |
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Human language |
Is more complex, involves words representing intangible things, and is used to think and conceptualize (abstract and distant ideas) |
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The nature of language |
Open system is dynamic and free to change |
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Grammar |
A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
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Surface structure |
How a sentence is worded |
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Deep structure |
The meaning of a sentence |
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Language Development |
Three characteristics of language develpoment: Children learn language at an astonishing rate Children make few errors while learning to speak Children's passive mastery develops faster than their active mastery |
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Overgeneralize rules |
"I eated the candy" |
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Fast mapping |
The fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure |
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Telegraphic speech |
Speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words ("Ball throw!") |
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Sensitivity period |
Principle of language development is when children are not exposed to any human language before a certain age, their language abilities never fully develop |
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Nativist theory |
The theory that language is best explained as an innate biological capacity |
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Behaviorist theory |
The theory that language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation |
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Language acquisition device (LAD) |
A collection of processes that facilitate language learning |
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Genetic dysphasia |
A syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence |
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Interactionist theory |
The theory that social interactions play a crucial role in language |
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Broca's area |
Left frontal cortex; language production |
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Wernicke's area |
Left temporal cortex; language comprehension |
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Aphasia |
Difficulty in producing or comprehending language |
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Concept |
A mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli |
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Family resemblance theory |
Members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
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Prototype theory |
People make category judgements by comparing new instances to the category's prototype |
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Prototype |
The "best" or "most typical" member of a category |
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Exemplar theory |
People make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
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Reasoning |
A mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions |
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Heuristics |
A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached |
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Availability bias |
Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently |
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The Conjunction Fallacy |
When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event |
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Sunk-cost fallacy |
People make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation |
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Framing effects |
When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased |
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Decision-making in the brain |
Amygdala activity at the core our risky decision-making Prefrontal cortex determines the ability to control our rational thinking |
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Analogical problem-solving |
Solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem |
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Insight |
The spontaneous restructuring of a problem or unconscious incremental processes |
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Functional fixedness |
The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed |
